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NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
ST RESEARCH
AIVIVIES. >
“)U, SIGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICR ~
FOREST ECONOMICS
_ RANGE MANAGEMENT
FOREST SURVEY
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FOREST RESEARCH
BI-MONTHLY REPORT
April 1, 1940
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GENERAL
Allegheny
Personnel, T, HE. Maki arrived to teoke charge of the pro-
posed central laboratory at Beltsville, C. N. Morang was added to
the Regional staff as hydrologist. B. C. Goodeli was transferred
as of April 1 to The Intermountain Forest Experiment Station, on
forest influences work,
Survey Headguarters Established. The anthracite Survey
occupied field headquarters in the Kingston Branch Post Office in
Wilkes Barre on February 15,
Cooperation, Shirley and Little attended a meeting of the
State Land Use 5 Plunning Committee in New Brunswick, New Jerscy.
Interest in farm forestry was expressed by farmer Pepe SOT IABATES.
The Committee adopted a report calling for the expenditure of
$1,000,000 for State acquisition of forest lands in the pine barren
area end plans to assist State Forester Wilber in securing legis-
lation providing appropriations for this purpose.
The Station was asked to prepare a plan for studying the
cost of producing pulpwood, work to be done on lands of the
Armstrong Forest Company, in cooperation with State and Private
Forestry. Advice as to the possibility of growing Rhus, required
for tanning in eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, wes requested by
a company producing tanning extracts in the Philadelphia area,
A. R. Spillers, of Region 7, discussed forest problems in
the Station territory, and E, Ritter was detailed to the Station
to prepare a report covering fire protection improvements needed
in the Wyoming Vailey section of the anthrecite region, Arrange-
ments were made with the Soil Conservation Service to obtain
information on markets for farm forest products in the region in
and adjacent to the Farm Forestry projects in Maryland and
Pennsylvenia,
Appalachian
Personnel, E. D. Marshall, M. D. Hoover, end J. R. Scott
have reportod “for duty on the Forest Influences project.
Central States
Meetings, Farmers Week was held at Ohio State University
from January 29 to February 3. A paper entitled "What can be done
GENERAL (con't)
to regain hardwood markets for session. In the evening after the
banquet the group heard Dr. Paul B. Sears and enjoyed a wild-life
slide lecture by Dr. L. E. Hicks.
Representatives of the Soil Conservation Service, Extension
Service, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and the Station met on
March 7 to plan for a forestry school in ccoperation with the Ross
County Planning Committee to train the township ACP committeemen in
simple stand improvement practices, Topics were discussed and
arranged so as to place cmphasis on improvement of existing wood-
lands rather than on tree planting, Residual forest now occurs in
Ross County on 3 or 4 ccres for cvery acre likely to be planted by
owners, Plans included one day of talks and three of woods demon-
stration in diffcrent portions of the county.
On March 26 - 29 the meetings were held. Speakers were
provided by the Ohio Division of Forestry, Extension Service, Wayne
National Forest, Central Statcs Forest Expcriment Station, and Soil
Conservation Scrvice. Demonstration areas to provide basis for the
discussion of necded improvements and planting had been chosen in
northwestern Ross County, at the Scioto State Forest, and in south-
western Ross County. Another mecting is planned noxt autumn just
before the winter scason when the woods work is most likcly to be
undertaken.
On Fobrvary 26, Hall addressed the Agricultural Faculty of
Furdue on the subject, "Wood in a Chemical World."
Auten lectured before the Plant Institute of the Ohio
Agricultural Exporimcnt Station at Wooster, Ohio, February 26, on
"Relationship of forest profile to reforestation." .
Coovcrative Farm Forestry. During February, plans for a
marketing study wore completed and apprcved by the Missouri Farm
Forestry Committce. Although this project was submittcd to the
Departmental Committee for approval, it was too late for inclusion
in this year's rescarch allotment from Norris-Doxey funds.
Similarly, a project tc determine the growth and yicld of
white oak in Iowa was arranged in February by the Iowa Agricultural
Experiment Station and Central States Stations; but funds were ex-
hausted, lIowa has mapped out a long-time farm woods rcsearch plan
which is very creditable,
The Ohio Farm Forestry Committee mct eat the office of Dr.
Ramsower on March 6, to give final revicw to the Ohio Farm Forestry
Plan, Slight changes and corrections wore made and the agreement
between the State and SCS was revicwcd and acceptcd by State
Forester Alderman, This action paved the wey for rclease of funds
for the approved research project to support the Ohio Woodland Survcy.
Personnel, A. G. Adman returned to the Station to engage
in statistical analysis of back and current project work, With
the completion of the St. Francis Survey the Flood Control
organization at the Central States Station has been reduced to
four men, Day, Stcddard, Wood, and Bixby.
Branch Stations. Members of the Forest Supervisor's office
of the Wayne National Forest and cf this Station made a 2-day trip
into southeastern Ohic to explore for a suitable location for a
branch station within the Federal purchase boundaries. The pro-
posed Richland Furnece tract in Vinton and Jackson counties,
charcoal furnace lands farther south in Lawrence county which
already have been purchised and the Little Muskingum river drainage
were considered,
Lake States
Slect daumagcs Cutfoot Experimental Forest. Word was
received | from Supervisor Knutson that © sloet storm caused enormous
damage to the Chippewe. Forest on fpril 2 and that the Cutfoot
Experimental Forest was in the center of the storm area, It is
estimated, on the basis of an ocular survey, that 10 million feet
of timber is down. In addition, there is untold injury to young
growth, Pole stancs of jack pine were cspccially scvercly hit with
perhaps 30-tc 35-percont loss in trees 25 to 50 ycars old. Red
Paniewctd nol Lone menriy as) badly.
On the basis of prcliminary cxamination of expcrimental
cuttings by Eyre, it appcars that a good meny plots will have to be
abandoned, /f. timely refcrence can be made to "Do we have too many
eggs in one basket?" in thc February 1939 issue of the Bimonthly
Report. So far as the station is aware, no comments were made on
Ghaisieniared:cly
Meetings, Zon and Cunningham were made members of a Timber
Rescurces C- eater of the Minnesota State Planning Board, The
Committee plans to publish a simple readable report on the state's
timber resources cmphasizing the possibilitics of increasing and
stabilizing employment in forest industrics,
Cocperation, The Stetion has been conferring with the
Worest Products Laboratory, the Regional Office, the University of
Wisconsin, and the Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Associction con-
cerning possible surveys of small sawmills preparatory to organi-
zation cf the small cperators for improved manufacturing and
marketing.
GENERAL (cont'd)
Pacific Northwest
Personnel, Ernest L. Kolbe left the Station April 1 by
transfer to Flood Control Surveys at the California Forest Experi-
ment Station aftcr 11$ years here. Most of that timc he has becn
assigned to tho silviculture of ponderosa pines; as side lines he
has given enthusiastic leadership to the phenology project and to
the dcendrology and arboreta projects, The dcvelopiicnt of the
Pringle Falls end Blue Mountain Experinental Forests is a ercdit to
his workmanship and immediate direction.
Meetings. Munger attended the annual Washington State —_
Forestry Conference in Seattle and gave a paper, by requcst, on
sustaincc yield and texaticn.
Lodewick represented the Station at the Third Oregon Air
Conditioning Conference held in Corvallis, March 28-30. At the
request of the progrem comiittee he presented an hour's paper at
one of the gencral scssions on the subject “Moisture Condensation
in Buildings." This subject is of timely interest to architects
because with increased use cf air conditioning and constructicn
designed tc dcercase heat losses and air infiltration, condensation
problems are arising even in riild climates such as those experienced
in the Pecific Northwest. & great deal of interest was shown by the
150 air-conditicning enginvers and architects present.
Within recent months the carbcnizaticn of wood and the
utilization of the procucts of carbonizeticn have been active
subjects. The steff has spent a considerable portion of its tine
in conference with various intercsted incividuals and groups. At
least four men in the Portland area have retorts and processes for
which they are trying to find "angels"; once lumbcr company has --
obtained a War Department ecducaticnal order for gas mask charcoal
made from fir waste; some groups are intcrested from the standpoint
of waste utilization, either of cxisting non-utilized woods and mill
by-products or of waste now utilized for the production of clectric
power but that may be thrown back on the market when Bonneville hook-
ups are completed. Most of the interest centers around the use of
the charcoal in stecl production or as a domestic fuel.
FOREST ECONOMICS
FOREST SURVEY
Appalachian
Inventory. Inventory field work was resumed late in
February after a lapse of more than a year, A training school
was established in Emporia, Virginia, to familiarize new men with
the species and with Survey technique, After a week of training,
line plot work was started in the Coastal Plain unit with five
3-man crews, By tne end of March over 200 miles of line had been
run. Barring unfavorable weather conditions, this 6s-million-acre
unit should be completed carly in June and the crews will then
begin work in the Piedmont region of the State,
Compuvation, At the request of the Flood Control Survey
organization of the Staw:.cn data on forest arca, volume, growth,
and drain were compiled tov the entire watershed of the Yadkin-
Pee Dee River. This watershed extends through portions of three
Forest Survey units in North Carolina and one in South Carolina.
As the inventory data were recorded by counties on punch cards,
it was possittle to sort out and tabulate by machine the data for
the counties in the watershed. By this means, Flood Control Survey
Obtained accurate informotion on the forest resources at a small
fracbion of the cost of making a field survey.
Reports. Forest Survey Releasc No. 4, "Forest Resources of
the Southern Coastal Plain of North Carolina", was issued late in
March. This report shows that two-thirds of this 8-million-acre
unit is forcstcd, The total saw-timber volumo was 12g billion
board fect (International g-inch scale) with loblolly pine account-
ing for half of the volume. The stands arc predominantly second-
growth, Neerly 40 percont of the pine saw-timber volume is in
trees less than 14 inchcs and 60 percent of the hardwood volume
tan ibrocs Mess than 20 inches in diameter, Considering all trees
5 inches d.b.h. and larger, the area contains 67 million cords of
wood about half of which is pine, Rcd and black gum are the
principal hardwood specics.
Appreximatcly 500 primary wood-using plants operated in the
unit in 1937 and:furnished 34 million mon-days of lumbcr, The
total drain on saw-timber growing stock was nearly 600 million
board feet.
Although net increment cxcceded drain in the unit, the
report points out that the cut is concentrated on the more desira-
ble species and high quality trecs, whereas the increment was for
all trees. More intensive fire protection, rescarch in timber
ay Bie
FOREST SURVEY (cont'd)
management, increased utilization of black and tupelo gum and the
development of a more stabilized sawnill industry are recommended
as measurcs for improving forest conditions.
Lake States
H. G. White was in Washington the latter half of March in
connection with census cooperation and development of plans for
keeping Forest Survey drain figures up-to-date,
Cunningham lcd the discussion at the March 28 station sominar,
the subject being "Fossibilitics of the Gallup technique for obtain-
ing forest statistics." Tests have shown that regional forest
inventories based upon line plot surveys can be strengthened and
made applicable to smaller survcy units by a systom of stratification
based upon cover type maps. Detailed type maps are rapidly bccoming
available for most of the Lake States Region. Stratification and
double-sampling also can be uscd in the growth and drain phascs of
the Forest Survey.
Northern Rocky Mountain
General, Comments by the revicowers on the manuscript "Forest
Increment in North Idaho" have been received and the authors are in
the final stages of revising the report for publication.
Good progress has been made during February and March in
inventory and growsh, the work having developed more rapidly than
anticipated,
Depletion. The average annual fire depletion for the period
1931- 31; inclusive, by survey type classifications, has been dcter-=
mined for 4 countics, The average yearly fire depletion on
unreserved commercial forest lands in Lincoln County wes as follows:
Arca | Volume . j
Ownership|burned | Area de-}| affected by | Volume
Uaichasis over | forested firo Aebts-—
Acres Acres
Reon
forest land| 3,649 3,205 | 34,969
} |
Other land | 522 | 471
14,486 30,161
af Board fect Scribner rule.
2/ Includcs only the volume of trces larger than 5.5 inches d.b.h.
below a 4-inch top diameter.
Gres
FOREST SURVEY (cont'd)
Pacific Northwest
Douglas Fir Region
Inventory Revision Progress, sf week of clear weather af-
forded an opportunity to revise the type map of Washington County
for the area within the disastrous Saddle Mountain and Dutch Canyon
fires. Both these fires occurred late in the year after field work
was completed in this county, At the same timo cutting records
were brought up to date for Washington County and Lewis County.
Compilation of forest type areas is now well uxccr way in theso
two counties and when released these data will be current as of
March 1, 1940,
Reports fer Coos County, Oregon, and Thurston County, Wash-
ington, werc completed, The Cowlitz County report is complete and
will be ready for distribution as scon as the ccver, tables, and
graphs arc inultilithed,
Ponde:osa Pine Region
Comments are being received on the regional report from
Station and Regional Office staff members and as scon as all are
in they will be correlated and corrections made in the manuscript
preparatory to transmittal to Washington,
Resuits of the Roirventory. Cowlitz County, the latest to
be complctec. for publication, offers a contrast to others in the
region in the extent and character of its second-growth stands.
Nearly half cf its forest land is occupica by second growth and
approzimately snree-fifths of the seccnd=-growth stands are well
stocked, The saw-timber area amounts to slightly over a third of
the total forest land, Recent and nonrestocked cutovers and de-
forested burns total one-sixth of the forest land, Saw-timber
volume amounted to 15.9 billion board fcet in 1939, a reduction of
2-{ biliicn board feet since the 1933 inventory. Two large opera-
tions are located in the county and it is anticipated that depletion
will be maiilvained at a high level for many years to come, Concentr-
tion of timber ownership in strong hands, a large supply of advance
second growth, and forest land of high productive capacity offer
encouragement for a permanent forest industry here,
Southern
General, On February 1, Eldredge addressed the joint meeting
of the Amcrican Forestry Association and Mississippi Forestry Asso-
ciation, at Biloxi, Miss., on "The forest resources of the South
and their industrial significance," On March 28, he spoke before
FOREST SURVEY (cont'd)
the Southern Pine Association at New Orleans, La., in a talk
entitled "Out stock in trade," f
On March 29, Ineson addressed the j.labama i.cademy of Science
at Birmingham, on "The forest economy of Alabama,"
Of special interest during the past year has been the interest
shown by extension and state foresters, planning board personncl,
and others similarly engaged, in three sets of charts summarizing
Forest Survey findings and othcr data for the states of Georgia,
Mississippi, and Alabama, The Alabama sct of charts was used by
Ineson at Birmingham, and he was immediatcly presscd with requests
for loan of the originals, or for copies. Wheeler had much the
same experience some months ago at a meeting in Mississippi, when
the Mississippi originals were borrowed by Henry Crosby, President
of the Mississippi Forestry issociation, immediately after their
initial showing, and taken on an extended tour around the State.
Ward was transferred to duty on the Ouachita National Forest,
on February 15.
Davis completed e@ sitc index map for pinc for the Stato of
Georgia, has a similar map for Alabema under way, and plans slight
revision of the pinc site indcx map for Florida (the first map of
this nature, and which was prepared by Incson).
Considcrable misccllanecus Survey correspcndence wes pre-
pared, much of it rcquiring special Survey deta. Examples ares
data for a report on the hardwoods of Louisiana being prepared- by
the Louisiana State Department of Commcrccs a summary of forest
inventory, growth and drain being prepared by the Louisiana Public
Service Commission; an allocation of the cordwood volume in the areca
surrounding Beaunont within redii of 50, 75, and 100 miles; location
of commercial stards of white pine and hemlock in Alabama anc Georgia
for the Censuss3 and requcsts for volume tables. ;
fA news note, "Growth, mortality, and utilization drain in
Southern tcrritory, 1936-37," was prceparcd for Southern Forestry
Notes, by Stover.
Smith and his assistants were engaged during much of the
period in a cooperative project in-which Census forest-industry
questionaires for Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida were routed
through this office for editing.
Census tabulations, for Scuthern territory, of 1938 lumber
production by county were reccived from Washington and allocation
made from them to the various survey units.
FOREST TAXATION AND INSUR/.NCE
Pacific Northwest
Taxation, Wyckoff has been active as chairman of the
Portland Chamber of Commerce Subcommittee on Forest Taxetion
of the Forestry Conmittee, which is studying the growing opposition
to the Oregon yield tax lew. Subscquent to the 1940 hearings on
lands proposed for ciassification under the Oregon yicld tax law
about 63,000 acres were classified, All classitication was in
counties in which other lands had previously becn classificd,.
Mungcor gave a peper on "Sustained Yicld and Taxation" before
the Washington State Forestry Conference in March.
Southern
he! Cats: collcctea. in Craig's. tax aindex project in Mississipp.
has been analyzed and indexes computed during the bi-monthly period,
A progress report covering five ccunties (Alcorn, Holmes, Marion,
Newton, and Guitman) will be issucd carly in April ("Taxes on forest
property in five sclectcec countics in Mississippi, 1936-1939,"
Southern Forest Experiment Station Occasional Papcr No. 89.)
This report proscnts data on the average assessed value and
average tax ,cr acre, with annual indexcs, on forest land classi-
fied by forost tyoc and condition-class for cach of the five countics
Separately and for the same counties as a unit. The incex-base used
is the pericd 1936-1938 as 100. Taxcs included are all ad valorem
property taxcs levicd for State, county, school, and road purposes;
excluced arc levee and drainage district texos, A map of the State
showing general location of all lcvec and drainage districts is
included, nowever, with u statement of the State-wide renge in, and
average.or, such taxes for each of the fcur years included in the
perioc of study.
Field work will be resumcd in George and Webster Counties,
Mississippi, carly in April. Data will be collected for the same
period of reference (1936-1939, inclusive) in cach county.
Following completion of work in Mississippi, Craig will begin
the study in seven counties of Alebama (Blount, Butler, Chilton,
Colbert, Jackson, Russcll, anc Washington), collecting data only on
baxes) Levicd in’ 1939 and payable in 1940,
NEW PUBLIC DOMAIN
Pacific Northwest
Report writing consumed most of the time of this bimonthly
period, Cooperation continued in land economic inventories and land
use planning with Washington State College, BAKE, etc. A check-up
of Oregon counties showed that some were catching up with the property
tax foreclosures, many were still far behind, and all were planning
foreclosures in the year 1940 with the aid of the State Tax Commission.
Oregon laws of 1939 contemplate annual foreclosures of all foreclosable
lands in cach county. In the past, foreclosures have been held irrcgu=
larly and have not included all foreclosable lands, In some countics
they might occur once in 5 or more years. In others, they might
include all lands delinguent 10 years and more, whereas ell lands
delinquent 3 years and mcre might be foreclosable. The 1939 change
resultcd from a realizaticn thut delayed action favored delinquency,
added to forcclosables, and ectvally increased county expenses. It
took a long time to devclop en acceptable attack on this rathcr casily
understandable phase of the costs of tax delinquency.
PRIVATE FORESTRY
Allegheny
Anthracite Survey. Bascd on information given Rittcr by local
mon, and checked on the ground by him, his report on intensification
of the Pennsylvanic. State systcm of protection against fires recom-
mended 32 physical improvements, requiring 708,000 man-days of labor,
in the Wyoming Valley slone. Nearly 2,650,000 man-days of labor
could probably be absorbed in constructing similar ncedcd improve-
ments in the anthracite rcgion as a whole. These include foot trails,
truck trails, fire hazard reduction, water devclopment, and similar
standard improvements very badiy nceded in a part of the State which
has only 15 per cent of the forest land, but 30 per cent of the annual
burn,
Our search of Luzerne County records has revealed about 40
tracts which the county "bid in" following a tax sale in 1912, and
which presumably have since remained in county ownership. Although
this list has been steadily whittled down by a careful follow-up of
the records for each tract, we still cxpect to show that the county
- 10 -
PRIVATE FORESTRY (cont'd)
owns several hundred acres, suitable for community forests of one
kind or another. At the first tax sale hold in Luzerne County
since 1912, seated lands tax-delingucnt in 1929-30 were noarly
all taken over by the county, but may bc redecmed by the owner
at any timc during the next two ycars,
The land ownership map for Luzerne County, on which we
expect to indicate individual propertics of 300 acres or more,
is progressing satisfactorily, and is proving immediately useful.
Among most local land-owners, we find an encouraging interest in
the Survey and its objectives.
Lake States
Farm Forestry. Norris-Doxey research projects are already
well under way in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota,
The Michigan project ccontcring- at the SCS demonstration
project near Flint is aimed primarily at finding profitable
outlcts for the kind of forest matcrial which can be removed
under good forest practice=-in other words, a market survey.
Carl Holcomb, formerly on farm-forestry work at St. Paul, is
working on this project out of the Michigan State College. He
is being assisted by Harold BE. Peterson on temporary detail from
Region 9 anu by John W. Strahan who is employed by the college,
The Wisconsin project deals with conparative returns from
grazing anc lorestry on different types of land and with different
kinds of trcoatment, The forestry phase is being started by Kenneth
Pomeroy on detail from the Manistee National Forest. The Station
representative is Robert A. Farrington, Forest Products Labora-
tory participation is expected at a later date, Pasture phases
are being dircctcd by professors of Animal Husbandry, Agronomy,
and Soils atv the University of Wisconsin, The work is being
Startod at Richland Center in tho southwestern part of tne state.
in Minnesota, the farm-forest rescarch preject will be
concentrated on the problem of how to use riore home-grown timber
on the farm--particularly for farm buildings, corn cribs, and the
like, Preiiminary surveys will be followed by cxperiments and
demonstrations in southcastern Minnesota, Charles White is project
leader and is being assisted temporarily by Darold F, Newville on
detail from the Chippewa National Forest.
H. C. Moscr is supervising the Lake States Norris-Doxey
projects out of the St. Paul office,
Sa es
PRIVATE FORESTRY (ccnt'd)
Northeastern
Farm Forestry - Connecticut. Observations have been made on
an 80 h.p. boiler at the Niantic State Farm for Women while operating
with coal as fuel, These tests are to be used as the basis for com=-
parison when suitable arrangements can be made for the burning of
hogged wood under the seme boiler. During these tests an experiment
by the state was tried at another state institution in the feeding
of stick wood (4 ft.) through the side of the boiler with a mechanical
hoist. The disappointing results of this method of firing so far
obtained would indicate that the feeding of wood in a hogged form
would be more feasible, and is supported by the results obtained
commercially in this section by wood using industries, Financial
limitations at the present time heve made necessary temporary sus=
pension of this phase of the Farm Forestry progran,
Periodic observations of 10 charwood heaters owned by residents
of Connecticut are being made to determinc the value of these heaters
for homes and small buiidings. Mechanical failure of the plates in
these stoves. seems to have been corrected by a ncw design which rein=
forces the plates by ribs. The stoves have been found to opcrate
satisfactorily with grecn wood and appear to be the answer to a long-
felt need for a stove which produces an even heat with a minimum of
attention,
Final plans and record forms for time studies of fuel wood
production using tools and equipment of new dcsigns were prepared,
An area on the Cockaponset State Forest was sclected for the opera-
tions and some of the timbcr hes been marked for cutting.
Investigations were opened on the possibility of using wood
for the production of producer gas, Estimates submittcd by the
manufacturer of produccr gas equipment have bcen checked and although
the estinmatcs made by the manufacturer indicated a very optomistic
outlock for this outlet for lower grade hardwoods, nothing in the way
of recommendations of installation of equipment will be made until
more information is available.
Preliminary investigation has indicated that a single flew
Swedish type of charcoal kiln holds the greatest possibility for
study and.adoption to the production of portable kilns. This type
of kiln requires a minimum cf attendance and can be used with small
charges of wood. Its shape can be varicd and it produces a quality
of coal suitable for needs in Connecticut. The design of an cxperi-
mental kiln has been prepared and actual test will soon be under way.
;
-12-
RANGE ECONOMICS
Intermountain
“Whito collar" WPA projects in range economics studics. The
Range Economics Division of the Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment
Station instituted work as a part of an cxperiment station “white
collar" WPA projcct in June 1939 for the purpose of compiling data
on the public range resources and rengo use in the Intermountain
region, The objcctives of this work wore: (1) to compile and
summarize data on the present grazing use of the nutional forest
ranges and the private and Federal grazing district lands used by
these permittces; (2) to compile and summarize the present licensed
grazing use of the Fedcral grazing districts, The intimate relation-
ship between the two kinds of public ranges end.the privately owned
lands in this region indicetec a need for a knowlecge of the use
relationships of these lands in planning for the grezing use of the
national forests,
Three sects of basic data were uscd: (1) the 1937 commensurate
property study rcports of the various national forests mado by the
Division of Range Management R-4; (2) the 1939 letters of transmittal
of national forest grazing permits; (3) the 1939-40 grazing licenses
tssuec by the U. S. Grezing Service. The latter were sccured from the
regional offices anc transferred to mimeographed forms designed for
this purpose. This work was done by clerical hcolp hired in the field.
The compilation of these data was broken down into a series of
steps, cach step involving only one simple task at a time so that the
WPA worker could easily understand the job required of him. It was
found carly in the project that cach men's work had to be checked by
another worker so as to insure accuracy. Some cifficulty was on-
countered in getting men adapted to this tyoc of work and some revisions
of procedure were required. Generally, men with bookkeeping or similar
Dhoni pROVed UO be. the best, This station was fortunate in seour-
ang a good project supcrvisor. Some of the workers have become very
accomplished in the use of calculating and adding machines. These
men have been used to co the surmarizine cnc cclculating and the
tess able workers tho job cf sorting into enterpriso size classes
and compiletion,
Without the cid of this WPA project the Range Economics Division
would have boon unable to develop the basic data on public range re-
sources and range usc it now possesses. The results cf this project
are now being studied and will be presented in « scrics of reports
entitled f, Graphic Summary of Grazing on the Public Lands of the
intormountein Region, Part 1 of this series has just been put out
= le) =
and Parts 11 and 111 will be forthcoming in the near future. Range
Economics Division of the Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment
Station believe that with proper supervision and careful planning
of the procedure “white collar" WPA projects are valuable in the
compilation and summarization of large amounts of data,
FOREST MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION
Appalachian
Fire Danger. Jemison met with Stickel of the Northeastern
Station and members of the NEFE organization in Beston early in
February to study the past year's fire danger records and plan
for continuing danger nmensurement during the coming season,
Analyses showed the system to be checking very well against fire
occurrence and behavior records, Many useful facts have resulted
from the detailed study of fire-weather records and fire reports,
For example, 38 percent of 604 debris-burner fires in one portion
of New England occurred on class 4 anc 5 days (the two highest
classes) elthough such deys occurred cnly 7 percent of the time,
A detailed check of the new cosstal plain danger meter is
being made against fire records on state lands in North and. South
Carolina, Jemison and Keetch spent.the last week in March in tho
field gathering data for this analysis.
Fire Damage. f& satisfactory method for evaluating fire
damage attributable to mortality and cull hes been worked out.
Kectch and Warlick are completing a field survey of recent burns
which will permit the most relicblc dcotermination of tangible
damage over obtained for this region. With this part of the
probler. solvcd, the job of appraising intangible damage can be
logically undertaken,
California
In connection with final preparation for publication of the
manuscript, "Visibility of a smoke column," Bruce has prepared
a detailed analysis of Byram's "Physical factors affecting the
visibility of small smoke columns," published in Monthly Weather
Review, fugust 1936. The primary purpose of the review is to
Se
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
explain Byrari's article for the benefit of those less fariiliar with
visibility theory in terms of the basic relationships which led the
author to the conclusions presented.
On the fircobreak about the grounds of the Institute of Forcst
Genetics at Placerville, a 5-foot backfiring lance has been stcrilized
with white arscnic. fpproximately 10 pounds per squere rod were
spread. This rate of application is higher than that normally uscd,
but was required by the particular heavy red soil prevailing at the
Institute. It is expected that this treated lane will remain stcrilc
to annual vegetation for nearly ton ycars, Full width stcrilization
of the firebreaks in Region 5 is not recommended because of the
added cost and the generally accclorated crosion of the resulting
bare soil,
Buck and Abcll attcndcd the Ogden Fire Control mecting of
February 26 to March 4, Of particular intcrest to this Station was
the insistent dcmand for extension on a much broader scale than
heretofore of behavior studies similar to the type conducted at the
Mount Shasta Branch Station, Studics having direct end immediate
application in tho development of local and national firc danger
rating mcthods and systems reccived the principcl emphasis,
Danger Rating. The last of February ana first of March,
Mitchell attended the conference of fire control acministrative and
rescarch men in Ogcen. Following this mceting he participated in
a conference of stctc fire controi executives in Milwaukee at which
he discussed the rating of fire danger and the application and
limitations of such ratings. Ralph Dickic, who has been helping
compile the 1939 fire weather reports, completed his detail and
returned to the Upper Michigan on March 2.
February and Merch have been lergoly devoted to analyzing
the 1939 fire weather records and in preparing a summary of avail-
able fire danger records for the Regional office. While sufficicnt
data are not yet available to cstablish nomruial conditions, computa-
tions, bascd on three years of records for the Central States and
four years for the Lake States, have becn made. These show by
forests and for the Central and Lake States as a whole, the average
danger prevailing, by units, months, and sezsons, and the average
number of days in each danger class.
A graphic summary of the dates on which vegetative conditions
change, as reported by ranger districts, was also prepared.
IN
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
A study of the relation of danger ratings to the occurrence
and behavior of fires has developed the fact that while differences
in the risk of fire occurrence and in fuel types between units
call for local diffcrences in organization and action intensities,
the rate of increase in number of fires and areca burned is direct-
ly correlated with the danger ratings. As a result, the seven
danger ratings used in Region 9 have bcen tentatively weighted 1,
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64, Multiplying the number of days in cach
danger class by these weights and dividing tho total by 64 times
the number of days involved makes it possible to compare units
and periods as to relative danger in tcrms of the percent of the
worst possible or theorctical maximum, Whilc the weights called
for by other danger mcters would doubtless differ, the method
offers a means of corrclating danger ratings gencrally.
Bascd on the thesis thet total risk or fire load is a
function of relative danger, risk of fire occurrence, risk of
spreading, and area protccted, a tentative formula has bcen
developed for rating total risk by units which provides a basis
for judging relative fire control needs, This fcsmula was pre-
sentcod and-cxplained by Mitchell at a Station seminar held
February 15 and created considerable interest.
Northeastern
Firc Dangor Measvroment. Early in February Stickel met
with Jemison in Buzton to assist in the development of plans for
continuing the fire danger measuremont work that the New England
Forest Emergency Froject has been carrying on in New England and
on Long Island, No changes will be made in cither the danger
meter or denger classes used last year, However, by a relocation
of certain of the danger stations, it is expected that a better
representation between fully timbered and fully exposed as well
as intcrmediate sites will be obtained. A now ccding schedule
was aiso devised preparatory to the analysis of the 1940 fire
and weather recorus,
Fire Detection, The analysis of lookout detection needs
in the hurricane area in Massachusetts which is being made by
the New England Forest Emergency Project under the technical
advice of the Station, got uncerway during the middle of February.
The secn-area mapping work by the profile plotting method is being
done by a staff of four CCC boys all of whom are forest school
graduates and who have been detailed to the Athol office of the
Project.
Fire Damage. Stickel completed a progress report on the
basal-wouncing plots which has been distributed to the state
foresters in the region and to the eastern forest experiment
= Op
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
stations. The data from these plots clearly demonstrate that basal-
wounding by fire is of serious consequence particularly as far as the
merchantable portion of the stand is concerned, A&A summery of the
average post-fire conditions of these stands is contained in the
following table.
| NORTHEASTERN | NORTHEASTERN NORTHERN
OAK WHITE PINE rorEsT 2/
6yrs, ‘etter | 3) yess atver 6 yrs. after
Burning __|___ Burning _ __ Burning _
Number [Percent Number | Percent Number| Percent
|
STAND BEFORE FIRE, per acre ANZLES) Lele)
344 | 100 |
STAND AFTER FIRE, per acre ONO Cosine
Trees Killed 65 70
Trees Alive, Uninjured
Trees Alive, Injured OSS cihae ol Bia ca
DEVELOPMENT ON INJURED TREES | i ee ee eae |
Died | TET ee baie |
Attacked by Fungi 91 | 2001 12h |
Attacked by Insects 4 | 1 54 1
Attacked by Both Insccts |
and Fungi 20 | 5 WZ 8
Open Fire Scar Only | Any ioe 48 12 5
No Open Fire Scar | 106 | 28 144 36 | 6 10
1/ The data for tho Northern Forest region are not on an erea basis; all
trees observed on the three plots had been injured by fire.
2/ himost 60 percent of the immcdiately-killed trees were 2 inches D.B.H.
or less in size.
Northern Rocky Mountain
Duff hygromcotors, the original instrumental method of measuring
fuel moisture, are to be discontinucd in gencral ficld usc in Region
One in 1940, Although these instruments have been used at several
stations in this region sincc 1924, and while they measure one factor
of fire danger not included by any other technique, the fact that
comparability of danger ratings is weakencd by their use is one reason
for discontinuance,
Expericnce of the past few years has shown that at present fire
danger ratings must be primarily comparable from station to station
and year to ycoar even though they are merely abstractly typical, To
be concrete or absolutely indicative of fire behavior the factor
-17-
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
measurements would have to sample cach of all the fucls and each
of all the weather and topographic factors for all significantly
different spots within a ranger district. The rating for each
station would then have to be weightcd according to the area
having exectly similar fuels, weather, and topography before
it could be combined with ratings from other stations to
obtain a single rating for a large district or forest, Such
refinement is as yet economically unjustifiable, of course.
By selecting only the most essential factors of danger
such as fuel moisture and wind, and by selecting one gencrally
typical fuel and one generally typical level above ground ct
which to measure wind, it has been possible to obtain an abstract
or qualitative index that has been found useful, Critics have
carped at the omission of vegetation condition; fricnds have
complained that spccific fires - perhaps in cheatgrass or in
a mess of old windfalls and snags - did not behave exactly as the
index indicated, and: they have all ~been ‘correct,, of course. ait
first it was unthinkable and it is still impossible, however,
to measure each of the many sizes of all the numerous kinds of
fuel that contribute to the spread of every individual forest
fire under all possible combinations of fuel, topography, and
weather in this rogion,
But the measurements of a typical fuel and of air move-
ment at a typical levcl do furnish i more specific criterion of
fire dangcr than she cld reports thas “she's getting dry here,"
"pretty bad" there, and "critical" somewhere e1se. Most of us
still sec only what we want to sce, and if ve 1:kcd to have lots
of men working for us it used to be. altogether too easy to
generate a little higher fire danger, mcrely by saying so.
To use measurerients as a check on those human tendencies
it was and is absolutely essential that all the mcoasurements be
made oxactly alike, Duff hygrometcrs offered the first method
of measuring one reasonably typical fuel in the same way at all
stations, When rurthcr rescarch showed that smell sticks not
lying on the ground responded to the weather quite differently
from duff on the ground we added small sticks, At some stations
we averaged the top duff moisture and the half-inch stick nois-
tures to get'a mcre "typical" fuel moisture, At others we used
duff moisture alone, As new stations were installed, especially
in the old burn fucl types, ficld men generally chose the sticks
alone as being nore typical than duff moisture,
In the meantime our measuring stations were so few and far
apart that a little difference between duff moisture at onc station
and stick moisture at another could not be detected, and actually
made no difference. Location of the station and the spot at
- 18 -
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
which the instruments were cxposed were often far more important,
Furthermore, nobody knew just how much harder a fire burned at 4
percent than at 6 percent. Consequently, the reports from numerous
stations were as comparable as they ncedcd to be,
With more staticns, more experience, and a man's hide some-
times hanging on a fucl noisture measurement, small and ninor
differences between stations and days began to stand out, or,
rather, to be stood up. Field men began to detect instrumental
errors that were meaningless a few years carlicr, Other mcasurencnts
were being made that could be used as a check, and comparability cof
danger ratings between stations bocame a common subject of cussion
and discussion,
Even at Pricst. River, the nurscry of the first crude duff
hygromcters, it took us 15 years and the use of severel $300 record-
ing instruments to appreciate fully that cuff hygrometers are hard
to calibrate and harder to hold in calibration. We hung on to the
job, hoping that we could discover or invent methods of calibration
and checking that would guarantee aceuracy cand cormparaoility at all
iaold istavions, Our fall check, last year, however, destroyed the
"last vestige of hope." Too many of the hygrormeters returned for
annual calibraticn varied too much fron the median instrument, and
nearly all of them registered too far above the true duff moisture
content, We had to admit that by thoir use we were weakcning the all
esentiul comparability.
But this is no obituary. By constant checking anc properly
applicd "wet tovel” treatments research men can kecp those female
rattans within the bounds of accuracy. We are going to continue to
use them in our research work to account for one factor which varies
sufficiently from half-inch wood moisture to produce significantly
different ratings, ospecially during critical seasons, Eventually,
it may be possible to devote a research praject to the accurate
measurement of duff moisture, That need is fully equal to the neces-
sity of mcasuring vegctative condition, Both are aincd at making
tho danger ratings less abstract and more ccncretc, specific, typica
This same fundamental need for comparability first, and spot
accuracy second, is basic also tc our wind measurements, In this
region it is not bclicved to be essential that the instruncntal
accuracy be greater than the crror of sampling. So long as differences
of 5 percent in the wind velocity can be found when several accurate
ancmometers aro cxposed side by side, all at the samc level abovo
ground, there is little point to the purchase of expensive ancmorneters
in order to obtain greatcr accuracy than 5 percent. And so long
as wind tunnel experts insist that air movements of less than 3 n.p.h.
are difficult to determine accurately coven in a wind tunnel with a
steady air moverient, there is little point to cur demanding aneno-
meters with starting spceds below 3 m.p.h.
- 19 -
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
Low starting speeds require high sensitivity, greater pre-
cision of manufacture, and much greater cost. To insist on such
sensitivity and then use the instruments in the field where the
air movement on a knoll 10 feet higher and only 100 feet away,
or in a depression 10 feet lower and therefore experiencing 50
percent more or less wind (1 or 3 m,p.h. asegainst 2 at the
instrument) would appear to be paying too much for uscless and
nonexistent precision, If the measurement is mce 10 feet above
the ground that is not tho velocity at the ground surféce
spreading « grass fire, nor is it the velocity actually fanning a
Slash fire 2, 3, or 4 fcet above the ground.
The need, and the only present justification in this region,
is for typical wind measurements, made alike at all stations,
and therefure comparable between stations, from day to day, and
year to yecr, We are not yet able to or justified in measuring
all the wind levels that affect every spot and overy fire in this
region,
Pacific Northvest
oa
response to 2 demand from the national forests of Washington and
Oregon for a basic table which would show the wide range in fire
behavior resulting from various combinations of fuel moisture
and wino vclocity, Morris reviewed all existing sources of
information ud prepared a new burning index table on a scale of
1 to 100, f.though it was originally intcnded to develop a
burning indcx sccle of 1 to 10, the 1 to 100 scale was finally
adopted becausc all the experimental cvidence and actual experi-
cnce as recoréed in the fire reports indicate that the fastest
spreading fircs in this region spread at least 100 times faster
than the slowest fires, Thercfore the 100-unit scale is required
in order tc snow the truc magnitude of the diffcrences in fire
behavior that are due to fuel moisture and wind conditions,
New Burning Index Table Propared for Use in Region 6, In
In the following table the valucs indicate the cffect of
weather factors on the start and spread of fires when all other
factors are at a constant level, but obviously do not allow for
differences in kind of fuel and slope.
AO)
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
a RE RS OES SE ES MRT nS RE NE SS OY ES A ee ET I IE ee SS NE ST - F Y
Fuel _moisturc indicator stick - percent
1
GU eee "11-15 | 16-25 |
ay ea ea | 2 Loialioale) Zo
ioe aay By 5 3 a a 1 1
PE eS) | Be 2 1
35 | SO) 2a OE a ale ee 2 1
AO CON maa 2on |) 23) 1 are aah 6 3 1
Bill 158 Poms) BS}! 32°)! 25) agi tay | 5 2
Tek 66) Gre agey) a2) 33/45 29 dy "20 8 2
ero ee 0) ama OW STL abe Bei | aay a
(For fuel moisture indicetor stick values over 25 percent tho burning
index is 0,)
In order to facilitate the use of this ncw table in making
strength-of-force plans, the 100 units may be divided into 10 groups.
For many other uses (for exomple, to indicete the burning conditions
on the fire reports or for us2.in dispatching) the tabular values can
be used withcut any such grouning.
The table was made to meet the following specifications:
i. the burning=-index values should indicete the true numerical
eitecu Of weavher factors on the start and spread of fire. Thus all
other factors, such as number cf fire brands (risk); kind, quantity,
condition, and distribution of fuels; topography; otc., do not enter
into the burning-index values; i.e., the burning-index values express
the basic physicni relationship of weather factors (principally wind
and fuel moisture content) to fire bchavior under an assuncd constant
level om all other factors.
2. For the assumed conditions the table should give universal
physical relationships applicablo to Oregon, California, or Maine, It
is desireable tc be able to use the seme table alcng the ccast and in
the interior, If local fuel, topographic, or other differences can be
recognized thoy should be ccnsidered as a neccessary locel correction
factor to be uscd in applying the burning-index table,
Sp Uhevabie, scale should’ be linear; i.c., the steps in tho
scale should be approximately equal throughout the scale. For exariple,
the difference in fire behavior between 3 and 4 should be the same as
between 50 and 51.
4, The lowest appreciable danger of fires igniting and sprading
Should mark the boundary between O and the first positive value and the
highest danger expressed should be the highest likely to occur, but it
should be possible to cxpress still higher values in the sane scale if
they should occur. The entire scale of fuel moisturcs and wind veloci=
ties that have an. appreciable effect on fire behavior and which actually
occur often enough to be important should be included.
~ 21 @«
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION(cont'd)
5. The table will be made for the dead herbaceous condition,
6. Policy, safety factors, or psychology should not be
included in the table, These should be reserved for the appli-
cation phases, The table should show only tho basic physical
rclationships,.
The table was based on the California data represented in
thoir April 20, 1939, danger moter; the ratings were obtained by .
multiplying the California ignition index values by thoir spread
index, This gives the probable relative amount of fire pcrimetor
to be controlled uncer diffcrent fucl-moisture and wind conditions
if any given numbcr of fire brands arc applied to the fuel, These
values were then adjustcd to make 100 the highest value in the
table. (The amount of the adjustment is shown by the fact that
this highest valuc before adjustment was 73.) The process was
entirely mechanical without any judgment or bias entering into the
result.
The new table will be given experimental application on
several forests during the 1940 scason before it is finally put
into general usc.
Southcrn
Effects
The controlled burning on the Palustris Experimental Forest
was done in February. This is a study to evaluate the use of fire
in managing a stand of longleaf pine seeclings from germination to
the establishment of normal active hcight growth, The seedlings
are from the 1935 seed crop; the first burns were made in January
1937 and some burning has bcen done every winter since then, The
burns this winter were particulerly important bccause the brown-
spot needle disease, Lecanosticta acicola, has reached cpidemic
proportions in parts of the arca studied and becsuse a considcrable
amount of new height growth is anticipated during 1940. It was,
therefcre, neccessary to burn all arcas where the schedule of
burning was left to the judgment of those currently administering
the study. These, in addition to those regularly scheduled, made
the amount of burning (14 of 32 compartments and about 500 of 1200
acres) greater than it has been previously or is apt to be in the
future,
Behavior
Additional deta in rate of spread in the shortleaf-loblolly
pinc-hardwood type havo been taken from test fires sct on the
National Forests in Texas and Mississippi and near Crossett, Arkansas.
It is hoped that these data will strengthen the data that have been
accumulated already, to the point that an cquation or formula for
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION (cont'd)
describing fire behavior in this typs can be deduced.
FOREST GENETICS
California
Physiology. Experimental data on growth hormone distribu-
tion in ponderosa pine seedlings and transplants, accumulated
during the past two years, have been analyzed, and a report is now
being prepared, ‘A bract summary of the. findings follows.
In a leading shoot of pondcrosa pine transplants very little
growth hormone is found at the tip. _Hormone concentration gradually
aneseases from the tip to the base of the shoot, and most of the
hormone was uctected just above the first whorl. Xylem contains
more growth uormcene then phloem, Very littie growth hormone was
found an’ the neecles,
Our findings are ontirely different from the results reported
by previous investigators working with angiospcrms, it appears
that the anatomical peculiarity of a conifer shoot, as compared with
a shoot of broadleaf trees, is responsible for the unexpected hormone
distributicu in the young ponderosa pine trees.
Breeding
Four trees were obtained from a small crossing experiment
made in 1933 with pitch and loblolly pines, in which cross pitch
pine was the seed-varent, Although the data are very meagre, it
may be statec tentatively that at least two cf the trees aro hybrids
because: (1) they are more vigorous, have a bettor form, and appear
to be healthicr specimens than the corresponding progeny of the seed-=
parent species, and (2) their buds tend to rescmble the bud of the
pollen parent, which is rclatively non=resinous, Further study is
required, however, to make certain of the heredity of these trees.
A hybrid between those species may prove tc be of considerable
economic importance because it would cnable the fcrester, assuming
that frost-hardiness is intermediatc, to utilize the greater vigor
of the Ilcblolly pine considerably to the north of the present
distribution,
2) 22)=
FOREST GENETICS (cont'd)
Northeastern
Hybrid Poplar, The preliminary results of experimental work
on growth of the Oxford hybrid poplars on sod land, undertaken in
1939, has been presented in Occasional Paper No. 8.
Dormant cuttings of hybrid poplar were planted in sod;
circular scalps 6, 12, and 24 inches in diameter; and plowed ground,
Survival for all methods of site preparation was sufficiently high
to be rated successful in ordinary practice, but the average height
growth on sod was 10 inches as compared to 45 inches on plowed ground,
The poor growth vigor o1: sod and on the smaller scalps indicates that
hybrid poplar can not be successfully established on grass land with=
out adequate site preparation.
In the light of past experience, it is extremely doubtful
whether better results can be expected on grass land from the use
of l-year-old rooted trees instead of dormant cuttings.
Controlled Breeding, The 1940 breeding work is now under way
with a limited nusiber of pollinations completed on Acer saccharinum,
Hybridization on this species as a female parent has of necessity
becn limited to cross-pollinations with Acer rubrum.
Vegetative Propagation. Experimental work on methods of
propogating white pine (Pinus strobus L.) from greenwood cuttings,
conducted during the summer of 1939, has now been summarized. Pre=
liminary examinations of cuttings grown in outdoor propagating beds
indicated a considerable difference. in percent survival for groups
given various physical and chemical treatments,
The fall examination showed that no rooting had occurred
after three months in the propagating beds, This bears out previous
observations that white pine cuttings require a longer period for
rooting than sore of the hardwood species. Dormant white pine
cuttings plunted in the greenhouse in February did not root until
July or August, a period of at least six months undcr the most
favorable propagating conditions,
In the outdoor beds practically all the living cuttings were
in a vigorous condition at the end of the first season, and their
survival percentage may give some index of the possible effectiveness
of the various treatments.
Reserve fccd supply. The amount of reserve food appears to
be an important factcr in prolonging the life cf the cutting until
such time as the necessary nutrients can be obtained through newly
formed roots, Cuttings which included only the current season's
growth did nct survive as well as cuttings with a portion of the
previous season's wood at the base. The mallet type of cutting was
FOREST GENETICS (cont'd)
superior to the commonly uscd heel type. The fact that the green-
wood has not completed growth when the cuttings are taken indicates
that a reserve food supply may be an csscntial requiremont for
their ccntinued vigorous growth until they are able to survive on
their own roots.
Auxin treatment, Chemical treatments included the use cf
indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid, naphthaleneacctic acid,
and naphthaleneacetamide both in solution and tale dust, Although
with one exccpticn no significant differcncc in survival was noted
for the groups of cuttings given the. varicus auxin treatments, this
is not necessarily indicative of how the treatments will ultimately
influence rooting, Such comparisons will be possible with greater
certainty at the end of tho second growing season, Treatment with
both solution and telc dust, the excepticn noted above, gave tho
poorest survival,
Reduction of leaf areca, Many propagators reduce the leaf
area of coniferous cuttings cither by clipping the necdles or
removing a portion of the foliage ontircly. Several combinations
of type and degree of removal were uscd in these cxpcrinents,
Greatest survival was notcd for those groups of cuttings in which
the leaf arca was not reduced in any way prior to planting, anc
mortality increascd progressively with an increase in the leaf
area removed, It appears that in white pino reduction in leaf
rea is not only unnecessary but actually increases mortality,
possibly through the loss of photosynthetic surface cssential for
maintaining the cuttings in @ living condition,
Cuttings from trecs of different ages, Survival at the
end of the first growing scason was not significantly diffcrent
for groups of cuttings taken from trees of differont ages. Actual
rooting ability, howovor, may vary considerably; this will not
be apparent until the end of the second growing season.
Position of the cutting on the tree, A significant differ-
ence in survival wes noted for cuttings taken from diffcrent
portions of the tree, The most distal cuttings from the terminal
leader, in terms of branch order, showed the greatest percent
survival. It remains to be seen whether there is a direct relation-
Ship between survival anc rooting in these instances,
Pacific Northwest
The plantation of hybrid poplars, cstablished last year
on lands of the Crown Willamette Papcr Company on Lady Island in
the Columbia River, was duplicated this ycar using only the 17 most
promising lots of Oxford Paper Company hybrids, Alternate rows of
one-year-old rooted native black cottonwood trees were planted by
way of comparison,
SOs
MENSURATION
Appalachian
Generalized Fcrmula for International Log Rule. During work
on a study of converting factors for oak pulpwood it was neccssary
to obtain precise values for International board foot contents of
logs of odd lengths, The following formula, derived to fill this
need, may be useful elscwhcre, It gives the contcnts in board
feet, International, 1/4 inch kerf for logs of any length.
V = .04975LD2 + (,0062188L° - .18538L)D
+ ,00025911L3 - .O11586L2 + ,042198L,
where V = volumoc in board fcet International, 1/4 inch kerf.
= length of log, in fect, and
_D = diametcr inside bark at small end of log, in inches,
The equation was dcrived as follows: The. fundomental formula
for the Internationx.1 Rule as-given by Clark (Forestry Quarterly,
Wolke, O52. Der OO elgoo) mis
V' = ,22p% = .71D, for a log 4 fect long (1)
where V' = volume in board feet International, “1/8 inch kerf.
The volvme when the kerf is 1/4 inch is Be eoaned by multiplying
(1) by .9048, giving
V = .199D¢ - .642D, for a log 4 fect long.
Now if
t = taper, in inches, of a 4-foot log OE
then volume of 8-foct log = 193 [D2 + (p+t)
volume of 12-foot log = .199 [D + (D+t)~ + (D+2t)
.642{D + (D+t) (D+2+)|
a [D + (D+t)].
and volume of log 4n Aas long = .199'D? - (D+4)2 + (D +2t)* + Blake's
+ (D+ {n-1) + 2] - .642(D + (D+t) + (D+2t) + .... + (D+ jn- -1} +)|
(2)
This reduces to (Sec Chrystal: Textbook of flgebre, Part 1, p. 484
ct seq.)
vol. of 4n-ft. log
a PC j bt 199
a (199+2 pec (n+1 Caan e2
where n = number of 4-foot sections in a log.
tn(n-1)-.64 nlD
i- .642¢| 21) ] (3)
Now if L = length of a log in fcet,
L = 4n
and n = é = .25L (4)
- 26 =.
MENSURATION (cont'd)
Substituting (4) in (3)
Vol. of log of length L, = .04975LD* + (,0062188L?-.18538L)D
+ .199t2 [,00520833L3-.03125L2+.04166667L |
- .642+ [.03125L2 - 1251] : (5)
Formula (5) gives contents in board fcet, 1/4 inch kerf, for logs
of any length, L, and of any taper per 4-foot section, t,
The International Rule uses a taper of 1 inch in 8 feet or
»5 inch in 4 fect. Therefore
tp AD
and (5) becomos the formula first given.
Central States
The editing cof the manuscript cn growth and yield of
plantation black walnut was almost completed. Work on the second
manuscript for this specics is underway.
In cooperetion with the Ohio Wceodland Survey, local volume
tables were preparcd for white ash and for hickory (species com-
bined) from measurements taken in Stark County, Ohio. Reworking
ef other tree data to provide volume tables reading in d.b.h,.
and merchantable hcight to a variable top diameter was initiated.
The local volume table for yellow poplar in Stark County, Ohio
was prepared for issue as Station Technical Note No, l.
Discussion with members of the Wayne National Forest has
pointed out the necd for board foot volume tables which more
closely approximate local utilization. Current cutting practice
uses an 6-foct 68-inch stick which produces a tie. Effort is being
planned to cooperate in providing suitable tables.
Lake States
Sampling Technigucs. A study of the application of three
different sonpling tcchniques tc the problem of forest surveys
was completcd by Gervorkiantz and Blythe, Each samupling method
was applied to four different types of population. A method of
sampling bascd cn a systcmatic scheme giving as uniform coverage
as possible with the intcnsity of sampling being used, was found
to give results which consistently agreed with the normel curve of
error, On the other hand, random sampling, when applied to highly
stratificd populations, gave distributions of means and variances
which differed significantly from the normal law of error.
= 27) im
MENSURATION (cont'd)
Pacific Northwest
Permanent Growth Study Plots in Second=-Growth Douglas Fir,
The third report on 3 one-acre plots on the Mt. Hood National Forest
that was completcd last month summarizes a decade of stand history
from age 45 to 55 years for typical Douglas fir second-growth on
average site. In ten years the total volume increased from 6,500
to 8,000 cubic feet per acre, and from 11,000 to 23,000 board feet,
Scribner rule, Growth in board mensure was exceptionally high
owing to the numerous trees (39 per acre) that grew to the mininum
saw timber size of 12 inches curing the decade. Obviously this
rate of recruitmert cannot cox.tinue throughout a rotation but is
typical of this stage in an evcneaged stand's life cycle.
Permanent Growth Study Plots in Virgin Poncerosa Pine,
Pringle Falls plots 22 and 23 had their second examination in 1938,
Six years after cstablishment. The purpose of the plots is to
determine the mortality and growth in virgin stands of ponderosa
pane. Their stanc. structure varies somewhat, there being more
mature trees on piot 22 and mcre immature trees on plot 23. Their
respective growth figures are indicated in the following table.
bie se Le Plot 22 a
Te poe ae Ba, ft. |
| Per: sre Percent | por acre , Percent
per year per year |
Annual gross growth 2 32 8 : 248
Annual mortality 6 | 203 @) ; «00
58 ; 48
Annual net growth | 66 | 029
The reriod is uncoubtecly too short and the plots too small
to give now a dependable rate of mortality, but it is surprising to
; é
find such icw mortality, especially when is is considorsd that part
of the six years was during an epidemic péxiod of insest losses,
Effcct of Increment Boring Douglas Fir. Trees that were
bored 10 years ago were dissected last month to determine whether
they had been affected adversely. Preliminary examinations have
revealed no decay establishment as & resuit of boring whether the
holes were plugged tightiy by dowel, loosely with a twig or by the
core itself, or lof; open, Physic&l damage due te boring is slight
and confincd quite closely to the bolle.
- 28 =
MENSURATION (cont'd)
Rocky Mountain
Effect of drought years on survival. An analysis of the
influence of wet and dry years on the survival in plantations on
the national forests of Colorado revealed that only during
decidedly dry or wet years has the precipitation a dominant
‘influence on the survival of plantations during their five-year
period of establishment. During years in which either the total
annual or the surmer precipitation deviates less than 25 percent
from normal, the influence of precipitation is overshadowed by
other factors. No relationship cf practical, or even statistical,
Significance could be established of survival to precipitation,
when all plantations from 1906 to 1937 were classed according to
| wet, normal (plus to minus 10 perecnt) and dry years, Drought
years of less than 70 percent annual precipitation occur at an
avyenuze of only once in Ui] years,
The fcllowing table gives a comparison of average sur-
vival in plantations established during genoral drought and
wet years,
Average survival in plantations on national forests of
Colorado established during drought or wet years.
Ek SR inna Si aT EES TS
Sumner Survival percent after erst _anc fifth summer in field.
Sra come em,
|jDrought | precipitation| Donierosa_ pine | Douglas fir | Engelmann epruce| J
years in percent of | First | Fifth | First Firth | First
euomad ae
50-80 34 9 | 59
40-60 16 | 30
|
110-160 74 | 26 | 80 |
i a
110-150 | Lie A ies
oe alee
Stanc studies. In forestry literature lodgepole pine is
referred to as a specics that grows in even-aged stands. In
collecting cata for site index determinations both in nature,
virgin, and selectively cut stands it hes been found that lodge-
pole pine not only forms even-aged stancs but also grows in many-
aged stands, Data representing age counts on 15 dominant trees
in virgin stands at cach of 29 widely separated localities and on
10 dominants of the reserve stand on cach of 104 plots of selectively
= 29 —
MENSURATION (cont'd)
cut stands in Colorado and Wyoming disclosed amazing differences
in ages of dominants in each locality, For the virgin stands the
differences in ages varied from 19 to 184 years for each locality
with a mean difference of 106 years. While for the selectively cut
plots the diffcrences per plot ranged from 7 to 165 years with a
mean cifference of 91 years.
Even-aged mature stands have been defined as those in which
the differences in the ages of trees do not excecd 40 years, With
this definition as a basis it was found that 10 percent of the
virgin stands and 33 peccent or the selectively cut stands may be
classed as ceven-aged. The remainder of 90 percent of the virgin and
67 percent of the cut-over stands are many-aged with cifferences in
ages ranging from 41 to 184 years, Since the selection cutting
undoubtedly removed many trces of the oldest age classes it is
probable that the age differences found after cutting do not repre-
sent as wide a variation as was present prior to cutting,
Southern
The derivation of the International: Log rule (1/8"-Kerf)
can be found in a number of Mensurction texts. Although this rule
is of the formula type, it can not be stated exactly. except for log
lengths that are multiplcs of 4 feet. To simplify the statcment
of this rule for all log lengths and to stondardize irverpolation
procedure the following equation was derived for the International
rule atta
Vol. = 22(x)D 2+ |g 222(x)(KeL) = .71(x)] D + [ 232(x)(4-2x) (1-x) s
~71(X) =X)
rid
Where
X = Log lonsth cividec by 4
Oo
i
Diameter in inches of the smail cond of the log,
In this dcrivation the board foot volume of a 4 foot section
is assumed to be given by the equation
Vol, = .22D> =) a72D
where D is defined above. The taper per 4 foot section was
assumed to be 1,/2-inch per section. If the saw kerf is 1/4" instead
of 1/8" the above cquation should be multiplied by .904762.
The Internation rule has been criticized because it over-
scales some logs (especially small logs). This discrepancy is due
undoubtedly to the fact that a taper of 1/2- inch per 4 feet is
- 30 -
MENSURATION (cont'd)
excessive, If the basic equation for the volume of a 4' section
is assumed to be correct and the taper per section is assumed to
be "t", the above equation tan be stated in a more general form,
Vol. = .22(X)D2 + | 22(t) (x) (Xe) - TA) D+ [ =22(+2) (x) (2-2) (1-x) =
2714) (X) 01) |
2 J
In this form the equation can be readily adapted to the
scaling of timber in any locality by simply cetcrmining the
average taper por 4-foot section,
southwestern
Predicting Yields. Compiction of a second cutting of
pondcroga pine in 2 unit of the Fort Valley Expcrimental Forest
has focuscd attention on future yielcs. A cutting cycle of 30
years is contcmplated, The remaining stand averages 2,968
board fect yer acre for the area as a whole, ranging from 2,211
to 3,967 under three diffcrent cutting methods described in the
report of October 1, 1939, page 59. Distribution is very unevon;
the bulk of the growing stock occurs in densely stocked but widely
separated groups. Although the groups are csscntially oven-aged
(140 to 150 years) diametcrs range: from 10 to 28 inches. A few
mature trcees,over 30 inchcs d.b.h. arc scattered over the area,
Reproduction is about 60 percent completcs; it verics from 2 to
8 feet tall but is essentially even-aged, nearly all having
originated in 1919. Age classes between 30 and 120 years are
practically absent, The problem in rcgulation of cut is to bridge
the gap between these classes and still continue to cut at 30-
year intervals,
Severel methods of yield prediction heve becn toasted:
(1) Lexen's growth chart2/ which correlates gross increment with
average diamcter and volume of rcesidurl stands; (2) an earlier
yield table by Lexen which correlates net increment with volume
of residual stand, disregarding avcrage diameter; and (3) a
percentage method which simply applics the known net incfement
percent durirg a given pcoriod after the first cut to a corres-
ponding period efter the sccond cut. Methods (1) and (2) were
checked by applying them to the stand left by the first cut and
0 rc a re eS a eR ES ee ae ee ne we er ee |
AW, Growth after cutting in pondcrose pine, Rescarch Note No. 51,
Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station, Also, Growth
following partial cutting in pondcrosa pinc. Jour. Forestry,
372 943-46, 1939.
Susan =
MENSURATION (cont'd)
comparing with increment obtained from actual records of growth and
mortality. Since the growth chart used in (1) covers only 20 years,
comparisons are limited to this period, In this check, method (1)
gave a 20-year gross increment of 1,800 board fcet per acre, which,
after deducting the known mortality of 20 feet per acre per year, is
reduced to a net increment of 1,400 feet. Method (2) gives a nct
increment of 1,700 board feet. The actual increment was 1,820 board
feet. Method (3) obviously gives this same figure. As between methods
(1) and (2), the latter appears to be the more applicable. Method (3)
has the important advantage cf bcing based entirely on the records of
this arcas one shortcoming is that it does not take into account the
well known fact that as residual volume declines incremcnt perccnt
usually rises, This wovld havc the effect of making predictions
ultraconservative becauce the volume at the beginning of the socond
cutting cycle is less than thet at the beginning of the first cycle.
Prediction of yield in 1969 on a plot of 456 acres by methods
(2) and (3):
Method (2) Residval volume 1939, 2,968 board fcet per acre
Net increment in 30 years, 2,219 board feet
Total volume per acre in 1969 5,187 board
feet
Method (3) Residual volume in 1939, 2,968 board feet per acre
Mean annual increment past 30 years, 2.3 percent
Net incroment next 30 ycars at 2.3 percent, 2,048
boord feet
Total volume per acre in 1969, 5,016 board
feet
Of more immediate interest is the volume in diameters suitable
for cutting 30 years from now. It is estimated that the cut at that
time will take ncarly all trees then 28 inches d.b.h. or over, Assuming
an averago diamet=r growth of 4 inches in che next 30 years, this
would thceoroticaiiy includo ali the timbez now above the 23-inch class,
Actually, however, some trees will grow only 3 inches while others will
grow 6 inchos, and thercfore cutting to a minimum limit of 28 inches
in 1969 would not includc all trees now in the 24-inch class, but would
include some below this class, In practice, cutting will not adhere to
any arbitrary dis:acter limit, and therefore the present 24-inch class
is to be regarded as only an approximate dividing line.
Methods (1) and (2) do not lend themselves to prediction of the
increment of a portion of the stand,
Another method consists essentially of advancing the trecs in
each diameter class into higher classes in accordance with the average
diameter growth indicated by records of the past 30 years, A practical
=8305 =
MENSURATION (cont'd)
test, however, has raisec scrious questions as to the reliability
of the method, When applied to the 1909 reserve, using known
diameter growth and mortality, the calculated increment during
30 years was 12,4 percent below the actual increment. The reason
for this discrepancy is not clear; it may arise from the appli-
cation of average instead of actual diameter growth, since it is
known that trees of a given diameter class will grow at widely
varying rates.
Method (3) may be applied to that portion of the stand above
the 23-inch diameter class during a 30-year period. The total volume
24 inches d.b.h. and over after the second cutting was 1,772 board
feet, The increase of volume in these diameter classes from 1909
to 1939 was 139.6 percent of the 1909 volume, This increase, while
due mainly to growth, also includes the advance of trees which were
below the 24-inch class in 1909. Applying this percentage to the
#939 cosidual volume, the 30-ycar increment is 1,772 x 139.6% =
2,474 ond the total volume of trecs now above 23 inches d.b.h.
become 4,246 board foet per acro. A possible source of error
lies in the assumption that the advance from lower diameters into
the 24-ineh class procecds at the sane rate as curing the first
30 years, Wich may or may not be true. There is an element of
conservation in the fect that the blackjack groups have on the
whole been opened up morc than in the first cutting; and the pro-
portion of large yellow pines has decreased. Mistletoe infection
has peen more drastically cradicated than in the first cut, which
Sheulc lowes the iiortality unless the infection increases.
Applying the same method to units representing the three
methods of cutting, the following yiclds for all ciametcr classes
24 inches and over are vredicted for 1969.
Forest Service Cutting, Residual volume 1,306 board feet
per acre; increment 139.6 porconts available volume in 1969, 3,129
board feet per acre.
Imprevement Sclection, Residuel volume 1,477 board feet
per acre; ircroment 139.6 »ercents; available volume 1969, 3,539
board fect per acre.
Salvage Cutting, Residual volume 2,476 board feet per acre;
increment 139.6 percents available volume 1969, 5,932 beard feet
DeGeacre,
Whether the indicated volumes are actually removed in 1969
depends on many circumstances, both silvicultural and cconomic,
A heavy cutting may be desirable in order to cradicate mistletoe,
or to favor pole stands which will then be pressing for space,
On the other hand, it mey be considered desirable to hold a large
portion of the old stand to improve the cut in 1999, assuming
- 3-
MENSURATION (cont'd)
continuance of the 30-year cycle, The salvage cutting unit will
undoubtedly call for a heavy removal in 1969. The calculated yields
will be reduced by about 10 percent for defect.
Prediction of volumes more than 30 years hence is rather
speculative. Nevertheless, on the basis of numbers in diameter
classes between 12 and 21 inches, all-three methods of cutting may
be expected to yield substantial cuts in 1999 and lenve some trecs
to form the nucleus of a cut 30 years later, The few poles now
5 to 8 inches d.b.h, will be a factor at that time,
NAVAL STORES
Southern
As long ago as 1933 German investigators, and subsequently
Russian ones, havc applied many different chemical rcagents to a
freshly chipped streak in order to stimulate gum production. They
have reported yield increascs from 100 to 250 percent but much of
the information is conflicting. There is rather uniform agreement,
howevei, that most acids are effective, although 2a 25 percent
solution of hydrochloric acid produced the greatest consistent
responses, They neve found it necessary, however, to remove a
double streak at occn chipping to maintain increascd yiclids over
a period of timc bccause of the action of the acid upon the living
tissue of jthe tree.
Anticipating apparent possibilities for chemical trcatment
in this country a small oxploratory test was conducted on longleaf
pine on the Olustce Experimental Forest during 1936. A 35 percent
solution of hydrochloric acid, the only reagent used, daubed on the
streak immediatcly after chipping, produced yiclds about 65 percent
greater than untreetod streaks when the strcak height wes l-inch,
but only about 15 percent greater when the hcoight was 1/2-inch.
A more detailed study during 1938 in which 5 and 20 percent
solutions of (1) sulphuric acid, (2) acetic acid, and (3) washing
soaa wore applied to three streak heights (1/4 inch, 5/8 inch, and
l-inch) on both longleaf and slash pinc, showed that 20 porcent
sulphuric acid was the most effective. When applied to 5/8-inch
chipping on slash pine an increased yield of about 60 percent was
maintained for the entire scason, whcreas the same solution applied
to longleaf pine produced practically no increase from 5/8-inch
streaks and only a 25 percent increase from l-inch streaks.
= ae
REGENERATION
California
Scotch pine provenience _test (Internationol Union Forest
Research Organizations), The Feather River test of the 17 Scotch
pine seed lots was initiated by sowings in the nursery March 20,
In the absence of a general working plan for all organizations,
as well as detailed descriptions of the seed lots, a local plan
is being followed. The seed was sown in four randomized blocks
in the nursery. The sceds were cqually spaced in drills with a
view to obtaining about 100 seedlings to the meter, the drills
being spaccd about 10 cm, apart. The drills will be thinned to
equal numbers, if germination is sufficicnt. Uniform wetering
will be attempted,
The comparisons of 1-0 secdlings will be based on length
of top as mcasurcd from cotyledons to apox of stem and on dry
weight of cntire seedlings in sampl.s, The samples wili have
the same mcan length or weight as their respective proveniences
by proportionate sclection from frequency distribution. Trans-
plants will be semplcd in the samc way. A test ficld has been
prepared to carry comperisons 5 years after outplanting in six
rendomized blocks, the trees to be spaced 3' x 3' with double
rows for cumolct« isolation strips.
Lake St tates
More about Sced Storage, Germination tests recently com-
pletcd by Roe indicete that Chinese elm sced has a greater length
of life than is usually believed. Seed which wes purchased by
the Frairie States Forestry Project in May 1936, stored for ten
months in sealed drums in a cool place and since thet time in a
tightly closed can at 41 degrees Fahronheit, now shows a gormina-
tion of 67 percent in 19 days. The initiecl germination of this
seed is not known,
Red oak acorns collected in northern Wisconsin in the fall
of 1938 and since stored in 2 sceled jar at 41 degrees Fahrenheit
now show a gcormination orf ebout 45 percent compearcd with initial
viability of 73 percont.
Pacific Northwest
To test a thoory advanced by Mr. Moore of the Biological
Survey that rodents will not molest sced spots containing only
- 35 -
REGENERATION (cont'd)
one or two secds under conditions whcre they will molest seed spots
with several seeds, a direct seeding experiment involving 15 plots
on three separate but neighboring arcas hes been established. The
experimental arca was laid out by Munger and Isace during a thrcee-
day visit to the Cascade Hcad Expcrimental Forest when the winter's
activitics were inspected and spring work outlined.
Stetistical Analysis, Planted Stock Survival. The last report
gave results of a test of Dowax on planted Douglas fir at Wind River,
Analysis of the first-season results of the balanced, randomized
block experiment at Pringle Fails, testing cffect of Dowax treatment
and class of ponderosa pine nursery stock upon survival after planting,
revealcd the foliowing.
1. Application of Dowax solution very significantly contri-
buted to plentcd stock mortality. Survival of Dowax-treated stock
averaged 80 percont, of untreated stock 86 percent.
2. The three-year-old transplant stock proved highly superior
to the two-year-old seedling stock in ability to resist the lethal
effect of Dowax, Survival of the former avcraged 86 percent, the
latter 70 percent.
3. Among the three-year-old classes of stock the survival of
that simply transplanted at age one year (C1 percent) was significantly
inferior to that transplanted at age two years (88 percent) and to
thet transplanted at age one ycar end roct pruned at age two years
(88 perecnt).
Southwestern .
Seed Spot Records. The success of sced spot sowings is gaged
not by the total number of seedlings that survive but rather by the
percentage of spots on which one or more secdlings have become
established. Obviously, the establishment of a single seedling per
spot is ali thav is required; in fact, more than one seedling is
usually not desirable tccause subscquent competition among several
secdlings in a given spot may rctard growth or even result in the
death of all cf them,
Frequently reports on sced spot sowings show the percentage
of spots containing one or more live seedlings at the end of the
first growing scason, If all of these spots have several seedlings
per spot, the results may be fairly indicative of ultimete survival
in that it is logical to expcct that where several scedlings per
Spot arc present at the end cf the first growing season at least
one of these secdlings should survive, Citing the average number of
scedlings per spot docs not help matters much in that this cverage
may be bascd on too wide a range, A better way is to show the per-=
- 36 -
—=
REGENERATION (ccnt'd)
centage of spots containing scedlings of and above different
numbers, such as one or more, two or more, etc. The merit of
this method lies in the fact that it provides several bases
for estimating ultimate survival, Thus, one may use the percentage
values for spots containing three or more seedlings.
In order to illustrate how this method of estimation
works, the results obtained in an experiment to determine the
influence of soil preparation end spot protection in the sowing
of Douglas fir seed are cited. Table 1 shows the percentage of
spots containing different numbers of seedlings on different
dates,
Comparison of the results shows that although the percentage
of spots containing different numbers of scedlings hes decreased
with time, the greatest decrease occurred during the dry period
between the spring of the second season end the advent of the
ensuing rainy season, It should be noted that the decrease sub-
sequent to this time wes compcratively small,
Compuring now the results of the first exemination with
those of the last examination for screened spots, it will be
noted that the percentage of spots containing 4+ seedlings in
August 1938 agrees quite closcly with those containing 1+ seed-
lings in October 1939.
Assuming thet the percentage of spots containing 1+ sced-
fings' in Ossober 1939 is indicative of ultimate survival, it is
evident thut as a basis for predicting survival from the August
1938 dat«, using the percentage of spots containing cs many as
3+ secdlings por spot would still not have been correct. On the
other hand, whe percentage values’ for 3+ seedlings per spot in
May 1939 would have been abcut right for the scrcencd spots and
2+ sccdlings for the unprotected spots,
To be conservative, it may bc assumed that the percontago
values for 2+ seedlings, as ot October 1939, should be uscd to
estimate ultimate survivel, If so, then even tho velucs for 5+
scedlings shown for the Lugust 1938 cxamination would, on the
whole, have becn too high, whoreas those for 4+ and 5+ secdlings
per spot in May 1939 are more nearly correct,
it ts), of course, logical that the longer the period
between sowing and ecxemination becomes, the more nearly should
one be able to cstimate what the percentage of successful spots
is likely tc be. What this discussicn has aimed to point out is
the need of caution in using carly seedling counts as a basis
for estimating ultimete survival.
ss 37 -
REGENERATION (cont'd)
Table 1. Survival of Dougleas-fir from seed sowed in fall of 1937
in screened and unprotected and in prepared and unprepared spots,
(100 spots sowed under each condition, )
ne ere ee se a ee =
-
| Screened spots Unprotected spots
Seedlings | is Sesh,
per toanht thay. bac
spot pe | Unprepared Prepared Unprepared
| |
a Ha ee lan ip i he a ol
| ia Zz
| Survival as of August 26, 1938
| i
91 90 56 | 57
BP. sii 73 29 | 33
pane | 58 15 | 16
bi Sl ae ie ca ;
Lien ey. 91 | 31 5 | 4
| Survival as of Moy 1, 1939
een aia 1 BML sii 28
| (2 57 14 | 17
| 64 46 y | 9
lisge3 | 37 5 | 2
: 42 ! 21 hore | 2
| Survival as of July 12, 1939
| Seman 51 15 22
| 44 | 33 5 | 9
| 32 | 24 i | 3
| 23 ay 0) | 2
| Li | 9 | 0 | 2
| i
| Survival as of October 10, 1939
Pe i /6l ! 48 13 | 21
4 | Su: | A 7
31 21 | 1 | 3
22 16 0 2
| 17 | ) 0 | 2
bet ab buen, | ete sled etl ool lh deol
= Bi
—
REGUNERATION (eont'd)
Installation of the mechanical seed counter in the seed
laboratory of the Kansas State College Department of Agronomy has
greatly simplificd the task of testing the germination of 1,200
to 1,400 sced samples a year, according to J. W. Zahnley, associate
professor of agronomy.
As these seed samples are ench run four times, there are
approximately 5,000 tests run on germination a year,
In the operation of the machine, a handful of seed is
poured over a metal plate having 100 openings, too small for sced
to pass thru. Seed is drawn agninst these holes, which are spaced
an equal distance apart, and excess sced is shaken off,
fn clectrically-operated pulmotor rrovidcs the vacuum for
drawing the seeds into the openings, Seeds care dropped on test-
ing blottors by releasing the vacuuni,._This method replaces the
tedious forme™ method of hand picking and counting seeds, Other
advantages o. the mochenical secd counter are that it is accurate
in ccunting 100 seeds und saves time us the hundred sceds are
counted aL once, The seeds are placed an cqual distance apart ‘on
the blottor avoiding contect between the seeds and reducing mold,
Wath this even spacing the roots do not tangle. This makes the
germination count inuch cusier,
SILVICULTURE
Allegheny
Stand Improvement
Descriptions of CCC work programs dealing with the estab-
lishment and maintcnance of T.S.I. demonstrations in New Jersey
for 1940 werc written, Included are meintenece of the controlled
burning ard pine conversion plots, completion and maintcnance of
plots testing the cffcectiveness of mechanicel seedbed treatments
in securing pine reproduction, general mrintenancc and improve-
ments on the Lebanon Experimental Forest,
Silvics
eee cr sere ene
Following a critical re-reading of the manuscript proposed
as a Departmental Bullctin on the forests of the northern
- 39 -
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
Allegheny Plateau, a revised draft is being prepared. Analyses of
additional plot date as second growth stands and of the 7-year
weather record at the Kane Experimental Forest were begun.
Phenological records from 1937 to 1939 at the Lebanon Exper-
imental Forest were analyzed end a progress report prepared. Secd
dispersal of pincs end southern white cedar were also reported,
Central States
Tree Defect Studies. The Ohio Woodland Survey, conducted by
the Ohio Division of Forestry under a WPA grant, hes undertaken a
cull and defect study to determine the principal causcs end volume
losses sustained through mismenagement of farmwoods in Ohio. Field
crews have been trained to coiiect data according to procedure
used in similar studies elsewhere in the Central States.
Provisions are being made to extend the regional studies of
tree defect into National Forcst areas of Ohio and Indiana during
the coming ficld scason, with the Civilian Conservetion Corps
providing men and the Central States Forest Expcriment Stetion
wechnacal cdyvace,
iIntcrmountain
Regeneration n Factors - Ponderosa _pinc. The first year results
of a study ‘of tho role or plant competition in natural reproduction
of pondercse pine were dsscribed in the Fe>ruary 1940 Bi-Monthly
Report, pago 36, Relationship of conditicn factors to mortality of
pine seedlings during the second growing sceson arc summarized here.
As in the first year, the greatest differences were between
vegetated cnd bare plotss mortality from 2:11 causes averaged 59.6
percent on vogetuted plots as compared to 14.8 percent on bared and
trenched plots.
The cause of greatest mortelity was drought, which killed
32.5 percent of the secdlings. Rodents caused a loss of 14.7 perecnt;
insects 11.1 percent; heat 5.7 percents; fungi 2 percent; others and
unknown agencics 7.4 percent. The order of losses for vegeteted
plots alone is thc same as above, except for greatcr losses by insects
then rodents. Bered plots suffered groatest losses from rodents,
followed in order by insects, miscellaneous and unknown, drought,
heat, and fungi (no loss).
Store
LVICULTURE (Cont'd)
Losses from drought amounted to 31.9 percent on vegetated
plots and 0.6 percent on bared plots. Mortelity losses for the
three types on vegetated plots were: grass 56.1 percent, nine-
bark 25.9 percent, and ceanothus 14.8 percont. These differences
by types were significant only for north slope plots, Drought
loss averaged 36.2 percent on south exposures, compared to 27.2
percent on north exposures, but this difference wes not signifi-
cant. Differences associated with overhead shade were small
and of no significance,
Heat coused losses of 5. 6 percent on ec .ted plots, and
O.1 percent on barcd plots. Mortelity percentages for the three
types on vegetated plots were: grass 10.4 percent; ninebark 4.7
percents; and ccanothus 1.7 percent. Heat kill was eight times
greater on south than north exposures while it wes three times
greater on open than shaded plots, Differonces i type, shade,
and exposure were significant on vegetated plots.
In contrast to the first yeur, when fungi was the major
cause (OldoOSss,, wos haczor accounted tor a mortality of only
2.0 percent on vegetcted plots and none on bared plots in the
secon: ycar, Mortality es a result of insect damage was 3.6
percent on vegetated plots end 2.5 percent < on bared plots.
Rodents (rabbits, moles, and squirrels) caused losses of 5.9
persent on vegetated plots and 8.8 percent on bared plots.
a and unknown losses amounted to 5.6 percent on veg-
eteted plows and 1,6 “percent on bared plots, No important
relationships vO treatment, type, shade, or exposure wore found
for these biotic and miscellaneous causes.
| The experiment indicates that competition from other
vegetation is one of the most important factors influencing the
second year survival of ponderosa pine seedlings. The difference
between survivul under competition and without it was greater
| than in the first year and would have been even more marked if it
hed not beon for severe damage by rouents to the succulent seed-
lings on the bared plots, Prodominating causes of mortality
change as tre seedling grows older and varv according to environ-
mental conditions,
The heavier rate of loss in the second than in the first
year is contrary to usual results and is due to the unusually
favorable soil moisture conditions in 1938 as contrasted with the
severe drought of 1939.
As in the first ycar, it was demonstrated that the shade of
a living overwood does not materially aid in the survival of
scediines,., it does\;tend to reduce ‘direct* heat kill, but this is
offset by losses from increased competition and from other causes.
This scason the grass type showed greatest seedling loss thus
reversing its: first year stencing of least loss of the three types.
| ee
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
Differences in growth and development of seedlings between vege-
tated and nonvegetated conditions were as striking or more so than
the difference in survival. Sample seedling tops were clipped from
all plots in June and in October 1939. On the first date only oven-
dry weights were determined, on the second date both heights and
weights were measured, The average weight of seedling tops on vege-
tated plots was 0.12 gram as compared to 0.86 gram on bared plots,
per the June samplings. In October the corresponding weights were
0.14 gram and 2.37 grams, This is equivalent to a ratio of 1 to 17,
compared to a ratio of 1 to 7 in June. The average height of sur-
viving seedlings in October wes 2.5 inches on the vegetated plots
and 4,8 inches on the bared plots.
On the whole, vegetative type failed to show significant re-
lationships to height and weight of seedlings. In June the seedlings
in the grass type were heavier than those in ceanothus and ninebark
types; in October they were of similar weight but generally shorter
than those in the brush types. Overhead shade hed an important in-
fluence on height and weight of seedlings. On vegetated plots,
heights averaged 2.3 inches in the shade end 2.7 inches in the open;
corresponding weights were 0.11 gram and 0.18 gram, respectively.
On bared plots, heights avcreged 4.4 inches in the shade egainst 5.1
inches in the open; weights were 1.67 grams in the shade end 3.06
grams in the open. These figures are further substantiation of the
fact that ponderosa pine thrives best under full or nearly full light
in this locality. They further show, however, tnat with freedom
from root competition, modcraetc shade does not prevent at least
fairly rapid development of scedlings. It was rather surprising
that there was very litile difference in development of seedlings on
north and scuth exposures. Only in-the scries of vegetated unshaded
plots was the weight of scedlings significantly greater for south
than for north exposures,
Lake States
T.5.£. Throvgh Smell Sales. In our enthusiasm to put men to
work on emergency projects during the depression years, we have
often overiooked possibilities of getting stand improvement work
done through small timber salcs. With a large number of men to
keep busy, much stand improvement work has been carried on in stands
thought to contain insufficient timber to be salable, Actually they
were unmerchantable to the larger operators because the margin of
profit was very small. However, Zehngreff has been exploring the
possibilitics of getting such work done by local woodsmen through
small sales on the Fike Bey Experimental Forest. Two adjacent arcas
of northern hardwoods (with some conifers in mixture) were treated,
one by CCC and one by local woodsmen on a sele basis. The stand
head twice been cut over, first for white pine, and later for the
better hardwoods so that what remaincd was a stand of cull trees
= ed
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
containing much cordwood and a few logs and ties. The results were
as follows:
CCC Job
Labor $ 1,276.50
Transportation ' 146.50
Supervision i a7 s00
Total $ 1,590.00
Value of cordwocd for camp fuel
300 cords at $2.50 Le SO3Co
Net cest of operation (40 acres) $ 840.00
or $21 por acre
Timbor Sule
Stumege receipts $ 201.60
Administrative costs:
Marking S200
Scaling 1-08
Supervision 44,00
: Total @ 12188..00
Not income (50 acres) Ge) AB 60
or $2.27 per acre
The CCC did a "prettier" job and some products were left
which, however, without the cordwood, con scarecly carry a
commercicl operation in the near future, The soundness of the
investment in sucn T.S.1. may be open to question. Morcover,
LROM ee Sstnzebly silvicultural point of view, very little
difference could be detected in the two stands remaining,
Tne possibilities of getting stand improvement work done
through small operators who are setisficd to make weges (with-
out much profit) seem good on the basis of this test.
Thinnins Young Jack Pine. Ten years ago the Station
established a series of plots to study the effect of various
degrees of thinning on growth and production of merchantable
wood in a 20-year-old jack pine stand,
a leis
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
The smaller trees were the ones generally removed, In all,
five plots were employed. One of the plots was left unthinned, and
the other four were thinned out to 89, 77, 62, and 40 percent of
normal basal area, respectively.
A bird's-cye view of the effect of different degrees of thin-
nings may be obtained from the two accompanying tables,
Table 1, Total basal area per acre before and after thinning ~
et er + | ee: ee eee
Basal area per. acre = Percent of normai stcc
thinning ee 1 1939 1929 Gio ‘De
in percent| Before After! or 10 After |
thin- |
nin
of normal thin-| thin- | years i
stocking | ning | ning! later ing
Percent |Sq.Ft. iSq. Ft. | Sq.Ft. | Percent
Fercent ; Percent
; i
110 {110.8 1120,8 ; 138,38 UO 1 PaO. OE ARIS
69 981205,0 bc.3 1128.6 Hans Gio 9/9 scp welOO FS ott
a) «ANOS. oT .6 |) belkee 124 ie) ee ale ama
62 1102.4 | 53.6 | 114.2 119 b2yhapoar 9S: sot
AOE eee eee ic | 220 Oe ec
[EE See Seren (SINE Se E BAe, Eom bie al
Table 2. Total cubic-foot volume eae cere before and cftor
vninning
SS nae ae
Degree of
Velume per Bee Growth | Growth
thinning
in percent during Total percent
of normal the production | per
stockin decade of wood
1/ Total unpeeled volume.
sy AA
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
Northeastern
Hardwood thinnings. A 5-year remeasurement of sample plots
established in even-aged 60-year old northern hardwoods on the
Bartlett Forest brought out striking differences in the diameter
growth of thinned and unthinned stands, The following tabulation
based on difference in basal area indicates total growth percents
for the various species and size-classes.
Total Growth Percent (5 years) 1/
Species ae aD arent 2 o/iGmenes outs Total
Treatment 1.5-3.9/4.0-7.9/8.0 11 9112.0 0-16.9
=a ae salad Os
Beech | :
Thin naganea esr eed| Bf Pe Sa ap dbo 26.0
Check (NOD ENS Die ie A aac SS) 10.7
| | |
Yellow Birch | | |
Thin ool) SSO es | = 18
Check eee 3.4 | Do eee | 4.9
| |
Sugar Maple | | |
™hin 30, i s 2 Fir aoa
Cheek | 43" | 4.7 2 | 6.1
|
j f
Red Maple | |
Thin | 22.6 - Wo9)
Check | LO 1: - | WDA
Paper Birch | | |
Thin | 15.5 : | Ga |
Check | 15)50 - 14,8 |
| | |
All Species 3/ les |
Thin | 16.9 BES ine gadsial®
Check | Bil ae | 8.8
z q
Wi, Exclusive of trees. that died or grew into 1.5" - 3,9" class.
2/ Based on original tally. 87 Weighted average.
VAG =
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
As almost ono-half of the original volume was removed on
the thinned plot, percentages do not indicate an identical spread
between volumc growth on the two aroas, However, in spite of
the reduced residual stand, the increase in basel crea of the
thinned plot wes greeter than on the undistrubed check areca,
There was more new wood on the thinned plot, and as the most
promising treos were rcserved, this growth was being laid on the
better individuals,
If the trees that dicd over the 5-year pcriod end trees that
evitered the 1,5" ~ 3.9" class are included.in celculating growth
on the two arcas, the treated plot shows up to even better ad-
vantage. On the thinned area new trees more then offsct losses
by death, increasing the net growth over the 5-ycar pcriod to
19.9 percent as compercd with 18.6 percent. On the check plot,
mortelity more than offset thc now trees, conscquently nct growth
wes reduced to 4.5 perccnt as compared with 8.8 percent indicated
in the tabuletion. Net growth amounts to epproximatcly a cord
DeGmacke per year, end ‘onc=hellf cond) per acre per yieam on) uke
thinned end unthinned arcas respectively.
Pine problom analysis. A Froject Problom fAnclysis wes
prepered end rcvised following consultation with the Station steff
und othcor rescarch men in tho region, The Anclysis shcewed the need
for initiating demonstrations of weeding, tnrinnirg, pruning, end
various types of harvest cuttings, cnd filiing in certain gaps in
the silvics of the white pine types by severzl besic studies.
In collaboration with Dr. Schreincr, « puper wus prepared
for the Journel of Forestry on the possibilities of incuced
flowcring in genetics cnd manegement of white pine end other types,
to obtain reproduction of desircd pcrentege.cnd composition,
Northern Rocky Mountain
Advisory Council Mceting. The Division of Silviculture held
on advisory council meeting on the cfteornoon of March ll. Those
in attondance from the cxpcriment station included Brecner, Davis,
Gisborne, Greelcy, Hurtt, Rapraecger, Wintcrs, Wollner, Petersen,
and Bentley. Frem the rcgional office were Kelley, Koch,
DeJarnette, and Neff. Myrick attended from the Lolo Fcrest,
Devis summerized silviculturcl rescarch since the last
advisory council mceting in Merch 1936 and pointed cut major
changes in program enc presented the present line of attuck. He
outlined specific plans for 1940 as follows: (1) An cnalysis
of silviculturel rescarch; (2) continuing work in cirect secdings
(3) additional ficld work in early development to round out projects
- 46 -
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
(4) cooperation with blistor rust offico in prcparing c paper
on blistcr rust in the management of western white pine;
(5) revision ond reissuance of stend improvement manucl;
(6) preparation of "show-me" metorial for experimcnt:1 forests.
Discussicn centered arounc the present program, problems,
and plans, Growth and yield probloms received a good decal of
attcntion, It wes brought out thet prescnt information is
probably adequate but much of it is net in usuable shape to
meet specific management problems, There is something of a piloe=-
up of mensuretionel work both in silviculture anc survey be-
cause of shortage of available tochnical man-power to got out
finel reports. Thu need for more and better economic knowledge
for the best coplication cf silvicultural mcothcds was stressed.
The major problem is not so much one of edditional silvicultur-
cl knowledge but the economic cpplication of present knowlodge.
Devis peilnuec out thet much of his work Curing the past yoar
had been’ cen this ohesc. Tho plecc enc veluc of experimentcl
forests in sitviculturel rescarch were discusscd, In view of
Wher hcberorcnicy in the torost types ci this region end the
wade msaenge of cutting prectices available for study on the
national forests, the group consensus was quite strongly in
fevor cf not centcring work toc much <t these stations but
spreading it throughout the types studicc,.
Weys cnc mecns to better working rcluticns between the
Siteapronmencd the rveuon received attention. Three tons
agreed upon were: (1) more froquent Giscussions cf problens,
practices, end rescarch results with regionel end forest men on
the ground in the ficlds; (2) udvance review of projects by the
station = putting specific questions, prceblcms or projects to
the station; (3) getting out more rclezses and progress reports
even though the prcjects as a whole «re far from finished.
Partial cuttings in wostern white pine recvcivod considerable
discussion. it was brought out that proscnt possibilitics
HORKOmUCKSIve Opplacation of partie l “cuttings cn the national
forests were limited because of the small acreage of suitable
age classes (between 40 end 120 years). It was agroced, however,
thet partaol cuttings hed reel possibilities and tho station
should continue study of them. Forestation research came up
betore the meeting cnc it wes agreed thet in view of the good
progress madc, the station should continuc concentrating its
efforts on methods of direct seceding to further develop
applicable techniques,
- 47 -
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
Thinnings and improvement cuttings in western white pine.
Five-year results from two sects of thinning plots located on the
Coeur d'Alcne National Forest end the Deception Creck Experi-
mental Forest give an indication of what may be expected from
combined low thinnings end improvement cuttings in pole stands
of the western white pine type.
One of the sets, including 4 one-fourth acre plots,
2 thinned end 2 untreated as checks, is located in a stand
30 to 40 years of age. Treatment here consisted of an improvo-
ment cutting to free western white pinc, which in numbers made
up two-thirds of the stand, from dominetion by western larch
and Douglas-fir, and a low thinning which removed most of the
western hemlock end grond fir trees in addition to the poorer
western redcedar end white pine trees in the intermediate and
suppressed crown classes. The stand, after thinning, was from
81 to 97 percent pine, with western redcedar and other species
making up the remainder, The cheek plots were marked exactly
as if they were to be thinned in order that growth comparisons
between thinned and unthinned plots could be madc on comparable
trees.
The fifth-year remecsurcments of this set of plots have
shown two major results. (1) Diameter growth at breast height
of trees on the thinned plots has averaged one-third agein as
great for the 5-year period as growth on c:mwercile trees of
the untreated plots. (7) Trestment has increased the amount
of snow breakage in the uyper crown classes. This form of damage
occurs on both thinned and unthinned plots but is greater in the
upper crown classes of the thinned plots because the trees on
these plots are-so far apart they cannot assist cech other
in supporting snow weights as do like trecs in the unthinned
areas.
The other sct of plots consists of 6 quarter-acre plots,
5 thinned cv.d 3 untreated checks, located in a 65~ to 70-year-
old stand on the Deception Creek Experimental Forest. The stand
before thinning averaged 250 squere feet ot basal area per acre
with white pine making up 60 percent of this total and grand fir,
Douglas-fir, westcrn hemlock, western larch, end lodgepole pine
accounting for the remainder, Favoring white pine throughout,
the treatment was mainly a thinning from bclow removing suppressed,
intermediate, and « few codominant trees. Specics other than white
pine were cut when they domineted pine in the upper crown classes,
Treatment of these plots was not as effective as on the first set
for white pine largely dominated the stand before treatnent,
nae
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
The thinnings were of two weights. Stccking on three
plots was reduced to 150 square feet of besul area per acre,
composed mainly of white pinc. On the other two thinned
plots, stocking wes reduced to 100 square fect, almost
entirely whitc pine. Ezch of the three check plots was
marked’ as ai it were’ to be thinned according to cach of
the two intensities in crder that growth comparisons between
thinned end check plots might agein be mede on comparable
trees,
Thinning eccclerated the rete of ditcmeter growth on
wEees OF These pllovs+as*on treos of the treated plots of
the first set. Five-ycar dienmcter growth at broest height
averaged ,47 inch for troes of the three plets reauced to
150 square fect of besal arca ccipared with a growth of
.38 inch on comparable trecs cf the threo check plots.
the heavy thannings resulted in even greater incretse in
diemcter growth, Trucs on the two plots thinned to 100
square fect of bisal arce averaged .63 inch of growth during
the 5-year period cs comparcd with .44 inch on comparable
trees of the check plots.
these anereases, in aionetcor were more than’ offsct,
hcwever, by losses from snow demage which wes increased
by treatment on this sct of plots also,
Althcugh trcetnent cn both these sets of plots has
resulted in an accelerated growth rate on sclectcd crop
trees, credits from those thinnings are far outweighed by
whe debits. The increase in mortality anong the selected
trees has for the most part outwcighed the incrcases in
growth retes. The benefits arc far outbalanced also by
treatment costs, Little opportunity exists at prescnt to
market or oven give away material removed in thinning
operctions in the western whitc pine tyre.
Consequently, these intermediate cuttings must be
made at a doadwoight expense which is so great that it
cannot be met by increased stand velucs, These disedvan-=
tages ccrtrinly do not cnecurege intcrmedicto cuttings in
pole stcnds of the white pinc type at the present time.
Pacific Northwest
Harvost Cuttings - Douglas Fir. Beforo he left the
Stetion Kolbe finished his report on the silvicultural
phescs of the instellicnt cutting study made last summer
on a tract of the Simpson Logging Company. The silvicultural
= Aon
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
phases of this study, which Kolbe conducted through a large part
of the last ficld scason, involve the measurement of silvicul-
turel damage and fire danger efter each of five successive cuts
by which & very heavy stand was removed in installments,
A finel report has been prepared on a study started 15 years
ago on several netionel forests to determine the survival and
effectiveness of Douglas fir seed trees, A total of 8 areas were
under observetion; upon 6 of these the slash wes burned and on 2
it was left unburned. One of the unburned areas was a typical
old-growth stand, end it showed a survival of 26 percent of the
seed treess the other wes & more open, wind-firm stand, and it
showed a survivel of 92 percent. The 6 slash-burned areas showed
a survival of 2 to 23 percent with a 10 percent everage. Wind-
fell was the greatest single cause of loss and accounted for 38
percent. of the total mortelity.
The “after cutting" progress report hes been prepared for
the Farkdale selective logging plots, This area represents
about the castern limit of the Douglas fir region and may lend
itself better to light selective cutting then the more dense
stends on more moist sitcs nearer the coast. The average cut
on the plots amounted tc 25 percent of the total volume. This
should give release to the residual stena but will probably not
result in the establishment of Dougles fir regeneration as is
anticipated, There is a light mixture of white fir in the stend
and en cccasional hemlock end western red ceder. The site is
somewhet dry for the latter two species; thercfore it is probable
thet white fir reproduction will predominete since it is more.
tolcrent than the Dougles fir, After the cutting operetion wes
complete there was a reserve stand of 68,500 board fect per acre.
Harvest Cuttings - Ponderosa Pine, Preliminary computations
on Rogue River plot 5 and Deschutes plot 5, exemined last summer 10
years efter cutting, give the following annual mortality losses
in board feet per ecre, Scribner rule,
Deschutes plot 5 - lst 5 years
2nd 5 years
lst 10> ©
Rogue River - lst 5 years
ZNO iskn
LiSiteeliO aes.
= 50,=
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
& heavy scleecticn cf cbout 80 percent volume removal was
given both the 50-acre Roguc River plot ond the 32-acre Deschutes
plot. The heavy windfall losses on the Deschutes plot probably
Occurred beceusc 1 is adjacent to cxtensive clear cuttings on
privetco land, -
Stand Improvement. Kachin assisted in the initiation of
CCC stand improvement projects on the Fremont, Colville, and
Mt. Hood Forests. Two going CCC pruning projects cn the William-
ette Forest were visited and a brief time study on 113 Douglas
fir trees pruned 34 fcot by-the spur-Hebo club method was made.
This study shcwed that an average CCC climber with a few days'
experience can prune a 12-inch tree in 8 minutes of actual
pruning time, which involves breaking cff some 65 branches of
about @n inch in diameter. On a per linear foot bisis this spur
end Hebo club combination is the fastcst cf any methods tested
thus far in pruning Dovgles fir.
it the same time itv wes found that in using this method
an average u7¢ce 2s damiged to an cxtont of »105 sour marks on
the pruned 34--foot section of the bele, Cections cf spur-climbed
second-growth trees on some of the older telephone lines are
being collected for a comprehcnsive study of the type end effects
Gienune) Sour damage,
the first "“epont, on two and the sccond report on four
Olympic thimiing plots in 65-ycar-old Douglas fir <t Mt. Walker
WaSCcOnplczc 4 Tho Geserve stand on the, thinned p.ots, fron
which about 42 peorecnt of tho cubic vclume was removea five years
ago, has farec pcorly. Hcavy mortality, not shared by the check
plots, has dcerionstratea cloquently the hazards of radical and
.brupt exposure, The gross diamcter growth of the principal crop
trecs hes not been greatly improved by the thinning, but that
of the smaller trees has. The thinning has resulted in stinu-
leted csteblishnent of Douglas fir, secdlings., An, averege of
2,600 per acre are now found on the thinned plots but only 170
per acre on the check. /ithough the reproduction is yremature in
“he present casc, with anticipated roteticn age half « contury
away, the ability of Douglas fir to csteblish itsclf beneath a
shelterwood fcllcwing heevy crovm opcning is clearly demonstrated.
The ostablishment report for scven permanent semple plots
on the Wind River Experimcntal Forost in 97-ycar-old Douglas fir
thinned by commercial piling sale was completed,
Two sets of thinning plots at Pringle Fells show interest-
ing results. Onc sot of thrce plots is in a 60-ycar-old stand
of lodgepole pinc and the other sct of five plots is in a 50-ycar-
old ponderose pine stend. The fcllowing preliminary figures have
Se
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
been obtained.
ue
see
oa Ss
fimnuel gross growth percent (cu. = Ont
fnnual mertelity percent (cu. ft.) Ae TSO)
innuel net growth percent (cu. ft.) | 5
et eee
jimnucl gross growth percent (cuk. eats }
fnnuel mertality percent (ca. ft.) | 2.
mnuel net growth percent (cus tte) 14.07 | 4. 49 | eon i A650
It will be noted thet there is marked difference between
the net growth on the thinned and unthinnod lodgepole plots. This
does not held truce in cvery instance in thc pendcrcsa plots, due tc
the high mortality cn the thinned plots from an infestetion of Ips
oregoni in the slash at the time of plot trextnent.
Weshineton Office
Although much of the material in the following summary has
been covered in Reber's "Water Utilization by Trecs" M.P. 257, it
docs give a different slant on the subject which can bear repetition.
THE FRESENT STATE OF THE QUESTION OF THE DROUGHT RESIST: NCE
By
L. is. IVANOV
Summary
ee ee ee
f& critical survey. of the Russian anc fcreign botanical and
partly agronomical literature leads to the following conclusions:
1. The point of view on which till now the investigations
of drought-rcsistince have been based, and which regerds transpira-
tion as cn inevitable drawbeck ought to be considered as crrongous
when expressed in such general terms.
=)\59)
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
It as necessary:
(a) As the most economical means of translocation of
Mineral matter with the water current which must heave a consider=
abl velocity if cne of the indispensible constitucnts is sup-
plicd from a very weak solution, as is the case with N. and P.
in natural soils,
(b) 4s concurrence to the shifting of the cnzymes and
orgonicel matter (Rywosch) without which « disturbencc of the
metabolism (Schlosing) occurs.
(c) &s regulator of the turgescence.
(d) 4s regulator of the tempereture,.
An he Inuestigations of the last years are evoking
strong coubts as to the regulation by means‘of stomata and by
so-ec.lled zxcv: morphical characters (cuticula, hairs, wax) being
OG.cSsenticl value for the reduction of transpiration, On the
other hand in investigating the transpiration coefficients in
the majority of causes, a direct, connection between transpira-
tion and the drought resistance cf the plant has not been con-
firmed; the impossibility however of investigeting in natural
surrouncings owing to the absence of an claborated method of
measuring the transpiration of plants “in situ" deprives those
investigeticns of thcir decisive importance,
Be wicrencdetanitic and sailiustretavie as the connection
between the qualitics of the root-system und crought rcosistancec,
for here, in the majority of cases, the plants are investigated
directly under natural conditions. The drought resistanco depends:
(a) on the possible strength of absorbing capacity of the root,
measured by osrotic pressure by weans of the plasmolithic method.
This capacity in common (not sclinc) soils influcnces not so
muca whe Tarnits as the rapidity of the water supply, (») on the
structure of the root svstem, which increases the drought
nesasitence cf the plant tho'’more intensely it is developed in the
layers ¢ecntaining moisture aveileble for the plant. As such
layers, cven in droughty localitios, are not alweys deep situ-
ated ones, no direct connection between drought resistence and
the Length cf the ‘roots has been observed in many cases.
4, YF not less importance for explaining 9 different
drought rcosistanceo, but little investigated for different plants,
are: (a) the conducting capacity of the stom, (b) the capacity
of utilizing dew, (c) the cepacity of reducing their dimensions
(nanism) and the period of vegotation (ephemerism), (d) the eapac-
ity of reducing their vital fundtions without dying (anabiosis).
- 53°
SILVICULTURE (Cont'd)
In literature there are but indications about the possibility of
-the plants utilizing those peculiarities in their struggle against
drought.
in further investigetion drought resistance as an ecological
phenomenon ought to be studied through systematic observetions in
natural surroundings on biological stations and by means of spec-
ially elaborated methods, Facts thus cstablished by observations
must afterwards undergo an experimental physiological analysis.--
Petrogred Forestry Institute, Bot, Lab.,, 4pril,1922;
FOREST PRODUCTS
FOREST FRODUCTS ST.TISTICS
Northern Rocky Mountain
Cost of lumber manufacture in 1939. Philip Neff, logging .
engineer of Region Onc, and Bradner and Rapraeger of the cxperi-
ment station have, on April 1, 1940, completed the annual canvass
of the bandmills of thc Inland Empire, Nineteen hundred end forty
marks the twenty-fourth year that the canvass has been underway.
Costs will be obteined from about 30 mills,
The mills report a decrease in lumber manufacturing costs
in 1939 versus 1938, the decline amounting to about 70 cents per
M fect or approximately 5 percecnt.: The decrease is mostly due to
larger production in 1939, which had the cffect of reducing the
per-hi-fect cost of overhced items,
Most mills arc in a favorablo markct position, Stocks on
hand are low, and certain yard items such es numbers 4 and 5
common boards, are well nigh exhausted. Order files are good and
events eppoer propitious for « favorable year in 1940.
Census. The sccond request to operators in this region was
mailed on March 5, Over 300 edited returns resulting from the
first rcequost to Idaho and Montana manufacturcrs have been shipped
to Weshington. In addition, completed schedules covering about
60 percent of thc manufacturers operating in Spokane, Pend Orcille,
end Stovens Countics, Washington, heave been forwarded to the
Pacific. Northwest Forest Experiment Station, Portlind, Oregon.
= ae,
FOREST PRODUCTS STATISTICS (Cont'd)
Somc 200 Idaho ind Montana reports reccived in response
to the sccond request are nearly rceedy to be forwarded to
Washington. Returns from the first and sccond requests have
cecounted for 65 percent of the totcl number of lumber and
timber products manufacturers on the mailing list for the
sogaon. A third, request to all of the, delinquents has been
prepared,
Pacific Northwest
Lumbcr cnc Log Census. During the past month and a
helf, Jchnson has devoted his entire time to the editing of the
-ecnsus schedules. This being the bicnnial census, a great
deal of Gevciied information 1s requested. The inquiries are
of such neture thet they do not conform to the system of book-
keoping uscc by the larger companics and also are confusing
vO ue smaller openavors., This fact has necessitated a
greasy deal of letter writing to secure additional and correct
information. Also the fect that contract. loggers have to be
scolicituted has greatly inecrecseda the work involved.
To dete 763 cdited schcdules have boon sent to Washington.
Two requests have becn sent out and a third will be mailed in the
near future, sbout 1,200 operators have not yet been heard from,
TIMBER HARVESTING /.ND CONVERSICN
Northern Rocky Mountain
Gubscatoos Lop scaling, The; paper entitled, “The. Cubic
Foot as a National Log-Scaling Stenderd” was distributcd in
January, ond since then muny comments have boen received per-
taining to the merits and demorits cf the proposal. Most
commentators agree that cubic-fcot log scxling is fundament-
ally sound, but a groat number conclude that considerable
promoticnal work will be necessary to establish ec change
from board~foot log rules.
Larch for plywood, Two logs of western larch wore
recenuly scnt to the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison
to be made into rotary-cut vencer.
Whether darch is sudtabile for plywood is a shot in
the dark, but it is hoped thet something will matcrialize
- 55 -
TIMBER HARVESTING ND CONVERSION (Cont'd)
from the cxperincnt.
Pacific Northwest
Hemlock Plywood, “. stucy cf the precticability of using western
hemlock and the “white firs" for plywood in which the Douglas Fir
Plywood fAsscciation, the Madison Laboratory, end the Station are
cocperating, got off to a flying start in March. Dr. Brouse reprec-
sented the Laboretory, Mr. Arneson the isscciation, while Brandstron
and Lodewick were assigned from the Station. Logs of hemlock, noble
fir, end amabilis fir were followed through plants in Tacoma,
Hoquiam, cnd Everett, records being made cf yields, quality of veneer,
cutting qualitics, ctc. The consensus scecms to be thet suitable
plywood can probably be mede from these species, that the technical
problems will not be too difficult, end the technical problers will
not be too difficult, and thit the economic problems of production
at a reasonable ccst may loom largest,
Pine Mill Studies, Ficld work on the check study begun at
the J. Neils Lumber Company in January was completed in February,
and the officc ccmputations arc well along, It is too carly to
precict differences in margincl values between the logs from this
tract end those in previcus studies. But one fact is very cvident,
1.8.5, the cxtcnt: to which changes in the items’ nanufactured can
affect yiclds and production. Comnarison with the results of the
study ccnductced last fall at the same mill with the sare sawyers
show that while a grcen-chain over-run of 10 percent wes obtcined
in the carlicr study an over-run of only 4 pcoreent was obtained
in the last study. This is directly attributable to a shift to a
larger proportion of 5/4 and of 6/4 Dimension, both of which re-
quire a grcatcr “set-out" on the headrig tc obtain the seme lumber
tally. f&t-thco seme time the hourly procuction wes appreciably
reduced, therefore, costs ger M feet were increased,
Sclective Timber M Management in Douglas Fir. A report entitled
"Volume Losses in Logging “end Marketing | Old Growth Douglas Fir", under
the joint cuthorship of Brandstrom of this Staticn and George C.
Flanagan of the Division of State and Frivete Forestry, has been
completed. This report is based upcn data obtained in the so-called
Simpson study in which some 600 tagged anc numbcred Douglas fir
veterans. ranging mainly from 50 to 90 inches in d.b.n. were follow-
ed through from stump to raft, fcr the ~urpose, among other things,
of determining the emount and character of the loss in log scale
that occurs at various stages of the operation. The area studicd
was practically levol, the timber relatively scund, and unusual
care taken by the operetor to keop breakage to a mininum (by renov-
ing the tinber in severcl cuts with tractcrs) and to utilize al
merchantable pcrtions of the trecs. Despite this, the reduction
in scale was surprisingly great, as is shown in detail in the
following tcbulation for the 70-inch d.b.h. class, Particularly
56
TIMBER HARVESTING .ND CONVERSION (Cont'd)
striking are the losses shown fcr the top logs, where only
S snalipinactvon) of the grossi.scelie) inthe stoncang tree
comes) through as net, scale in the raft,
Suumary of Volume Losses by 32-foot Logs
| | alts
eee and [3rd eee 5th 6th
lo logiilog Jog Loe jlo
Dlaclill Beaks soni nba ap hi, 7 rie a 1 Bf bores
LOD ded O.ain LMaches 50" 45" 40") yas ON Cen
|
Grossiewoods scale, bd ft. 3744 3036 oo ans 1218 | 668
| |
| '
Broken sections loft, ba. ft 0! 25} 108! 270] 448] 374
Glo Soe tons tort) pa. fi foe | 94. | 143 | 123| 180} 152
Cull logs remcvec, bah ae Aisha 57 T2i 113" 1101 46
Water scale adjustmcnt, bd.ft.251 | 219 | 159) 95 37 | tf
Bureau secle deductions,bd.ft.442 | 315 BURG Lb Gtne 2ulik Zon
Total loss, bd. ft. 132 | | 110) 713! 167] 868) 607
| |
Not Burcau water sccle in bd. ft.2613 23 Haar 8 985] 351. |_ 62
Not Bureau water scale in percent
CRGOSS MWwOOUs Scale i & ey yor | 168. nel Me eee alee
Corresponding losses in terms of valuc arc now being analyzed
enciaalssocunCpoOGred.unen inthe) near future.
FOREST “ND RANGE INFLUENCES
ea we cs ee ws ee er ee re ee en ES
FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS
Watershed Surveys
Allegheny, ilthough the crew has been securing snow data
in the upper reaches of the watershed, a reletively light snow
year over. the entire weatcrshed resulted in littie spring flood
Fase.
Upper Susguchenna, The upper rveches of this watershed
are in Northcastorn Station territory, but the lower rexchés
- 57 -
FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS (Cont'd)
fall in the Allegheny Station area. This winter the Upper Susque-
hanna had the heaviest snowfall in decades, The water content
ranged from 7 to 15" with much of the snow blanket over submargin-
al idle land and open fields where it was especially susceptible
to weather changes, Little snow remained in Pennsylvania, except
in a few locations of higher altitude. The probable beneficial
effects from.shifting much of tnis land into forest usc can be
best shown by what happened.
A moderate warm spell at the end of March accomvanied by
nermal rains resuited in heavy local flood damage on the New York
tributaries and along the mein stem in Pennsylvania at Sunbury,
Kingston, Wilkes-Barre, and other points, In New York the hcavy
run-off came from the snow blanket, In Fennsylvania the damage
was largely duc to converging of the crests from the upper trib-
uteries in New York, Local Pernnsylvanie tributaries did not
contribute materially to the flood heights,
One week aftcr the floods «= snow blanket of sevcral fect
remained over parts of the New York watershcd, and svbsequcnt rains
twice led to rcnewed flood fears, Had the rains and temperature
been of. the same degree as caused the 1936 St. Patrick's Dey
Pennsylvania floods, there is little doubt that all provious flood
records on the Upper Susquehanna would have bcen broken and probably
some cn the Lower Susquchanne too,
Connecticut. The revision of the work pian has bcen held up
due to inebility to secure relcese of the revised U. Ss Eugineers=
Report on this river.
Preliminery Examinations
Poqucst. In reviewing this report questions have arisen
as to the aceurecy of the demage cstimates cnd conclusions of non-
scriousness in regard to the siltation problem. Both the state
of New Jcrscy and the U. S. Engincers heve requested access to our
material, The Pequest situation is compliceted by having problem
of muck land drainage. Actuel damage occurs from a rising water
table which may never overflow the banks, but which, nevertheless,
effectively drovms the crops. Too great an increase in stream cap-
ecity mi sae lowcr the water table so far that drought conditions
would do as much demege as the previous high water did. The solu-
tion Be aes to be mainly an ongincering one, end changes in lane
use scem to offer little possibility of cffcctive remedy to the
present damage.
= Goi
FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS (Cont'd)
Appalachian
Preliminary Examinations
Ufforts have beon directed toward completion of the Big
Sandy River. Preliminary Examination Report, which should be
complctcd within the next two months,
Considerable timc hus been spent in the development of
a flocd routing vrocedure adapted to use in preliminary
examinations <nd on the watershed surveys
~@
eters sned Surveys
pubstantiel progress has boon mace on the Fotomac
Raver Survey, end work in practically all sections is on
Sehicuiulcn.) Unereusetletiold activity wall bes facilitated by:
the approaching good weethcr,
eihiClassumcoulvon has been completed. and Solis
Lenwdclassiiacatvwon h bee onplet¢ ned SOUS
investigatzons, cover anelysis, flooc demage SI Gaituere: cols.
and hydrologic studics have imade significant progress.
the Pee Dec Raver Survey, in which tho Station is coop=
CEI is MIkine Sabbenectony Uroeress.
Preliminary Wxeminations
rT = Sr rt none EH) OS ne RR mE
Comaittcoc 11-A (Forest Service chairmanship). The
preliminary cazcmination roport on Wolf ¢ Creck, which empties
into the Mississippi at Memphis, has been completed cna
submittcd vo Woshington,
Field work on the Hatchie River has been completed by
ali three bureaus end the hydrology section written up. A
field examinetion of the Cumberland River is schcduled ‘for
TUM OmucCet loro it the Hatcaie F. hi, is: completed as planned.
The uniformity of conditions on the Tertiary Flatcau
in western Kentucky «nd Tonnossece are such that one detailed
survey for the entirc arca including Wolf «nd Nonconnah
Creeks, Hauchic, Loosahatchic, Obion and Forked Decr Rivers
MOM DO ws LC. 4M as, probable, Ghat uthe, Hatbchic Raver
Po Hw. will propose this combination. The sedimentation problem
onvall these streems is exceptionally critical, The Corps
of Engineers fully rvecognizcs that any cconomic program of
- 59 -
FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS (Cont'd)
flood control on the bottomlinds is dependent on the success of an
agricultural progrem on the uplands,
Committee 4 (Soil Conservation Service chairmenship). This sedi-
mentation problem is also critical in the Upper Wabash River. The
Webash P.E., which has just been completed, indicates that the forma-
tion of islencs with subsequent benk cutting elong the main stem from
Logensport to Fort Wayne is destroying large acreages cf bottomland
farms <s well as causing increased overflow and high ennual crop losses.
Committee 14=-B sisal Conservetion Service Chairmanship). The work
outline for the Little Sioux River in lowe and P.E.'s on the North
Febius, Chariton, Weldon, end Iowa Rivers have received high priority
during the lest two months, A joint survey with the Corps of Engineers
is being proposed for the Little Sioux.
Detciled Surveys
St. Francis, The St. Francis survey repcrt was submitted to
Washington February 15, and is now before the Sub-committee for review.
It wes discovered on the St. Francis that sizable reductions in floods
and flood damege could only be cffected through a broad program, Con-
sequently, the problem was analyzed on the besis of the possible use of
flood control funds as a leavening agent in the initiation of a compre-
hensive and coordinated action program by cll State and Federal agencies
interested in land management and rural sociology.
Muskingum, A detailed survey report cn Raccoon Creek hes been pre-
pared by the Party and reviewed by the Working Committee, It will be
submitted to Washington about April 15. The field work for the entire
Muskingum has been completed and it is expected that the survey report
will be completed by June 30.
Leke States
Preliminary Bxeminations
Two preliminary exeminetion reports arc now nearly ready for sub-
mission to Washington, One covers three wetersheds in North Dakota -
the Pembina, Fcrest, and Park. The other report covers the Black River
in Wisconsin, and should be ready after a little additional field check-
ing.
Detciled Surveys
Work on the Whitewater has been largely confined to the office
except for regular weekly excursions to the stream gages and the snow
scales. The spring breckup occurred during the lest few days of March.
A fair-sized flood resulted which furnished much needed information on
the relation of stages farther upstream to discharges ct the permanent
gaging stction near the mouth, This flood was particularly gocd for
this purpose because it criginatec evenly from all parts of the weter-
shed and there were no difficulties from ice cbstructions.
= (0)
FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS (Cont'd)
A new technique for making infiltration tests is being
developed end will be tried out as soon as weather permits.
in attempt has been made tc devise a system which will be
considerably fester in operation anc will cpply water ina
manner more nearly approaching natural rainfell than the
NeGin terkyintalireneter.
Pacific Northwost
Progress, The first rough draft of the _reliminary
flood ecentrol renert fcr the Willow Creek, Oregon, watershed
wes comeleted end sent tc the other members cf the committec
for comacnis, he final draft cf the trcliminary report for
Moses Coulcc, Washington, was assembled and submitted to
Washington cn April 3.
Sear Watershed Survey. In March the Flood
Control cdyiseny Commitec authcrizea «survey. for jtho Walla
Walla wetersh Aca Wallace Rebinsen, Administretive Assistant
Onysuhe Ochoco: Forest, was scloctca for Ferest Service Senior
Representative, and reported at Walla Walla lote in the month,
Strouflow Studics, It is plenned to locate the five
recording rain geges which were sent to us fren Washington
im er near the Tillamook burn. This should do much to over-
come the absence of metcorclogical date which has handicapped
SOMES Ch Une CnvecL Of unis large fire (on istreamilow. Bolles,
in cooperation with Mr, Fisher of the Weather Bureau, located
two en these gages late in March. The others will be cstablish-
ediam tie near fuburc.
Southern
Preliminary Exominations
im imbvonsive reconnaissance cf the Upper Red River wes
made by representatives of the three bureaus. Every tributary
was anspectcd for flood damagcs, erosion, anc physical factors
thet might influconeco the possibility of a remedial progran,
Particularly cvident was the fact that many flood plains
(especially in west Texas) wore sendy wastes and direct flood
damasesrare oractically nil, The report is new in its final
Steces enu reccemicndaticns for a detaviced survey should be
confined t= those arcas in which direct flood cameges are sig-
nificant,
Detcilcd Surveys. Work was initiated on the Upper White
River survey on March 15. The Forest Service holds chairmanship
barra
(FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS (Cont'd)
und C, F, Olsen is the Froject Leader. Some hydrologic investigations
are under way but the field party is scopolpod mainly in the prepara-
tion of work plans.
On the Upper Yazco survey, preliminary phases cre complete and
work plens have been prepared anc the investigative phese of the
survey is an full swing. “Arce classaimesation, bascdon straps for
a 25-percent sample, is being dene in thc field with the use of
acricl mosaics. Majcr delineéstions are mece in the cffice and check=
ed in the ficld, et which time further. delincations are made on
the degree cf gully crasicn anda slope.) (svcreoscopic oneiysss of
ratioed ~rints will be confincé to sedimentation studies in the flood
plains e
INFLUENCE OF Nu.TURLL VEGET.TION ON STRE/MFLOW
Appalachian
Bydrograph snétlysis of Streamflow. Well records have been
used as c basis for de determining the enproximeate verzatvons an bese
flow of streams curing Re we cf compound stcrms. This procedure
supplements the use cf standard depleticn curves fer separating
storn run-off, See rsitee curing the lorge wintcr stcrms apprcach=
ing the limits of reedily detcrminec depleticn.
¢
It hes beon cbscrved thet fluctueticns-in the water table
heave close correletion with the exsectcd base flow in the strean,.
tL
To be revuresentative of the ccntribution cf the whele watershed
e flow. cf the stream end te be free from minor chennel
o c te rises im the stream atself, «well, lecated on a
Hower! slope is-selected. «im iachuel: aeretiee: the time the well
rises erecs with the tinc of Baxissumipeak of the Streaalend as
used <«s such in all cases. The time at which the well hes reached
its mexinum clevation and starts tc recede at 2a uniform rate is
found to agree with the time the storm run-off cnds as determined
by the deplcticn curves. Fer calculation, these points are jcined
by straight lines.
During complex storms it hes been fcunc that a straight
line releticnship between changes in elevation of the water table
and rate ci flow of the strea. gives consistont results for minor
fluctuations invelvec during any one storii, Thus, for intermediate
variations of the base flow during complex stcrns, the following
proccaure is uscd:
=. Gone
INFLUENCE OF NATUR£L VEGETATION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
(1) Determine points where storm runoff begins and
ends by normal depletion curve; these times
may be as much as several weeks apart.
(2) Using these points as the know ratio between
rises in the well level to rate of flow in the
stream, the relative elevation of other points
in the well records can be converted’ to c.f.s.
and into head on the weir,
Streamflow Analysis. W.P.A, Reseerch Project No. 4714,
uUndersihe Giroction or) the Division of Horest int luences com-
piled continuous stream records for 3,120 weeks and has pro-
vided a record, of the mean daily discharge in cubic foot per
square mile by days, months, and growing scasons. From the
results obtained, graphs of annual discharge in mean c.s.m,
have been prepared for cach of 40 drainage arcas,
Special analyses of water storage and base flow have
also been prepared for five Coweeta Nxperimentel Forcst
drainage ereas end will be carried through for ali dréinage
Buea.
California
Errata, The last colum in the table on page 63 of the
February 1940 "Forest Rescarch Activities" was accidently in-
VenUCd. | net) 1s .anobhe case of no litter thore were 1192 grams
Of Crosion: for 1/8" litter a trace of erosion, and ale nies 13"
litter cover there was no erosion,
San Dimas Experimental Forest. On March 1, the San Dimas
Experimental Forest staff formally occupied the new Forest
service building in Glendora, This structure, which is shared
by the Baldy District Ranger of the Angeles National Forest, hes
united the several officcs formerly neccessary in the operation
of the Exporimontal Forest and gives a closer tie with the
District Renger who is primarily responsible for the protection
of the roscarch, area;
The 18-room one-story structure contains offices, confcr-
ence, drafting, and computing rooms, storage facilities, a dark-
room for omergency photographic work, and a fircproof concrete
vault for records and data. The architectural scheme is Early
Californian and the intcrior is finished in wood paneling. Work
is still underwey on the garage units and the landscaping of
the grounds,
The site for the building was purchascd and donated to the
Government by local citizens through the Glendora Chamber of
Commerce, and the building has been constructed with tho aid of
the Work Projects Administration,
one
INFLULNCE CF NATUR. L VEGHT.TION ON STREZMFLOW (Cont'd)
Precipitation, The average rainfall for the month of
February was cbout 6 inches, which is approximately 50 percent
of the 6-ycar mean for the Experimental Forest, while March
hes been the ¢dricst since 1933 with cniy 2.20 inches as against
a 6-ycar everage cf 5.35 inches, Most of this year's storms
heve been cemparatively gentle and no high sustcincd intensitics
haye, been Gecordea.
Streanflow
Completion of streamflow tabulation through the 1938-39
season and conruteation cf quantities have yiclded some very
intercsting figures. The following table fives the reinfall-
streenflow relations for the senson, ‘Records wero incecmplcte
fcr gaging stations VI end VII, which were put out cf commission
by flood debris,
Sean Dines Expcerincntal Forest
Rainfall end Streanflow
Seoson 1938-39
ee a ee ee
1 Runoff in
Rainfall | Runoff percent of
inches _inches | rainfall
Zz
19.78 3.95 20. 1 45
22) 02 ey 12 ala
22.26 3.42 I 25
Dias 3.03 14 Lig
awe | 1.49 stall 37
20, 7 Enc’. =
19.94 | Inc, = |
19.94 | 1.48 1 14
20.49 0.92 4 )
19.70 | 1.47 | ie) L agaaef
|
Two very intoresting relationships cre shown by this table,
The first is the very low runoff porcent for the sezson, Low
intensity storms allowcd the meximurry of infiltration, The next
interesting feature is the comparatively high peck flows fron
Watersheds II and IV, compared with Watershecs III anda V,
respectively. t+ will be noted that the ~ceak rate of flow from
II wes over four tines thet from III, and IV produced: slightly
mcre than three tines that fron V. Thesc wide differences
reflect the influence of the burned arca in Fern Canyon. The
effect of the 500-acre burn in this watershed even shcws up in
the discharge from 5.6 square niles of arca which includes water-
shed II as measured at gaging stetion Ne. IV. Prior to the fire,
conditions were quite different, as illustrated by the following
data from 1936-37.
3 bbe
TNRLUENGE .OF NATURLL VEGETATION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
ar ee ee ee ee a ee ee a ee ee
| ! Poak flow for serson 1936-37
Woetershod |--.—— a
shia pial Stil ou at cu, it ft./sec. | Soc. ft./sq.2i
ie | 38.5 17.6
it Bowe ss. © 25,8
IV 129.0 23.0
v uate ia 47,2
beer eatee aoc
it is indicated here thet Watershecs I1I and V normally
produccd runoff peaks greater than those from IT and IV,
respectively, but now the relutiocnshiy is reversed,
Complete analysis uf the date will yiclds some very
valuable quantitative figures upon tho effect of this burn.
Runoftt onc _erosicn plots. The follewing bricf summaries
On whe Wem anu Tenbers Plots, for this scascn te dete, shew
rather striking compariscns betwoon the reactions of burned
plots and cover unburned fcr 20 years.
Horn, Runcftf ona Brosion Plots
Scason 1939-40
Summary tc Merch
Runoff in Runoff ee ' elle
PRO ai es in
Por For surfe.ce | Runoff | Renarks
jpictely denuded by
{naturel burn in Novem-
[bern 19238. Area not
_\disturbed ulae@epuslnely ie
Oe
|
: e : scot acre _inches roreont| laa
341-342-3431147.5 1970 0.54 2.04 \This sot of plots con
344-345-346| 72.4 964 " 41,02 {This set of plots con-
;plotely denuced by
jnatural burn in Noven-
Eber L930. ovreactreatcd
{by felling all standing
{trees, lopping the limbs
and placing boles and
j /inbs horizontclly across
jplots., Material held in
place. by isualces.
0.90 ee scl < clots complete-
| ly denuded a naturel burn
jin November 1938. Area
jtrceteda t by sowing with mus-
oe ae Sissi UOC Lie ae as ENS
Peden bo cates 26.41" Ercosion(ontire 9 vlots)= 14 cu.ft./ac. (approx. )
ene
347-348-349], 0,24
|
|
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGETTION ON STRE/MPLOW (Cont'd)
Tonbark Runoff and Erosicn Flots
Scason 1939-40
Surmary to date (March 15)
Runoff in | Runoff
in
Fer | Per surface | Runoff Renarks
set acre inches ercent
lots ccvered with
20-ycar-cld chaparral,
| untouchec since the
Pare Gite ag
G2 LOG
321-322-323
324-325-326
Bal =328=329
Seasonal rainfall to date 21.15 inches
Scasenal erosion to date = fTreace
Lysimetors. The reccrding system at the large lysinctcrs
has becn mocified by the instcllatisn of jacks in the switch-
board so that cll secpage reec:rds go to ene strip-chart recorder
while the rainfall and runoff cre recorded cn twc others, This
will chcapcn the ccst of opereticn by cuttiag out one strip chart
per week and will lightcn very consiacrebly the tesk of tabulaticn..
f. one-cubic-inch tipping buckct has becn iustelied at the cutlet
of the scepage pipe cf lerge lysimeter No. 23..2>eve the) tankiantan
effort to obtain a more intensive record of lysineter performance.
It is hopec that minute variations in percolation will show up
through this means, One- cnd two-cubic-inch tipping buckcts have
been installed at the scepege anc runoff cuticts of medium lysi-
meter No, 1 in order to get a continucus reccrd of its performance,
thus suppler.cnting the weckly weighing. The instellation of several
mero is contcmplated.
The lowesided rain-trough gases at the large lysinctcrs show
an average veriation cf 4.2 percent below the catch cf the high-
sided gages for the scason thus far.
The average seepage from the 26 large lysinetors amounts to
1,909 surface inches fcr the scascn to date. This is epproxinatcly
the samo as for last yoar at this tine.
= (bam
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGET/TION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
dntermountain
Temperature, beceuse of its influence on the melting
rate of snow, is an important factor in determining stream
flow characteristics not only during spring run-off but, it
is believed, during the entire year.
High temperature promotes rapid melting and high
spring water yicld through overlend flow, but decreases the
length of timc available for a given amount of watcr stored
in snow to penetrate into shellow and deep seepuge storage
channels. On the other hand, low temperature is favorablo
to a longer mclting pcriod, loss carly yicld through over~
land flow, and groator infiltration into decp secpage channcls
where it may be stored for lato flow,
fn initial step in a proposed study of snow molting
phenomena in relation to stroanflow has been macc by 6
compilation of temperature and run-off data from cxperi-
mental watcrshed £ ut the Greet Basin Branch Stetion. The
data shown in table 1 were sccurcd by plotting daily poak
discharge in c.f.s. against daily poak thermograph tenpera-
tures for the first weck aftcr runoff began form wwoars O37 =
38-39. Confining the study to the first wock following bcegin-
ning of runoff provided rather constant snow cover conditions.
fithough no actucl measurements have been made yet,
observations indicate that the rapid flow increase shown
to exist above 53°F. rosults when tho melting rato cxccecds
infiltration capacity of the soil and overland flow occurs.
It is this overland flow which ccuscs most of the soil crosion
chargeable to meited snow water. At tcompcraturces below 53°F,
melting rate is about cqual to or less than the infiltration
ate and most of the flow results from "bleeding" of the
& soil horizon as gravitational water in the soil strikes the
less pervious B horizon. This gentle return flow from
shallow seepage channels is accountable for a very large
percentage of the water yicld from the expcrimentel area, but
soil erosion from this tync of flow is negligibic.
It is intorcsting to note from the data thet flow when
the temperature is below 32°F, is almost constant even though
temperature drops to 13 degrees, This was observed to be the
case even though there was a cessation of melting for scveral
days, indicating yicld from shallow secpage channels.
Hifcrts during the coming spring will be dirccted toward
a more comprehensive study of the roeleted phenomcne of tempera-
ture, snow melting, infiltration, overland flow, scil crosion,
and streamflow.
- 67 -
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGET/TION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
Table 1. Moan water yicld in c.f.s, in relation to tempera-
ture for 1937, 1938, and 1939 from experimental
watershed 4, Great Basin Branch Experiment Station.
ee ee ee ee ee
era nomen nite Trt ae rrr Ti (eae
Jeter yield in- Wj
| water yield in
Temperature Water yaold |) creesetanteweas:. percent of cts
Glepmecs Ws |. inc. f5S....| per 20 Tempe mise Biase une uwe
Sebe8e ye aes
13 . 060 - 71
NS 060 - | 71
17 .060 - 71
19 .060 - fal
On 060 - (pe
23 060 = 71
25 064 004. 16
27 .064 - 76
29 .068 004 81
31 072 004 85
33 084 sOL2 100
85 .096 .012 114
Sy Salt .016 133
39 124 2012 | 147
AI 144 020 | 171
43 1168 1024 | 200
45 6192 .024 228
AT 224 032 | 26
49 264 .040 | 314
51 {31:2 046 | 371
53 . 380 068 | 452
55 512 nig? 609
57 a . 680 .168 | 909
; {
Rocky Mountain
Surface runoff and erosion. During 1937 and 1938 tests to
determine ratcs cf. surface runoff end ercsicn were mede on the
abandoned ficld, valley bunchgress, and mountain bunchgress types
in the Manitcu Experimental Forest. Rein-simulating equipment
applied rainfall crtificially at intensitics of two and four inches
per hour to 1/200-acre plots.
Results show thet dospite 40 perccnt slopos on the mountain
bunchgrass type, is compared to 10 percent slopes on the other two
types, surféce runoff was least on this type, Runoff was inter-
mediate on the valley bunchgrass type, and greatest on the abandoned
field typc. The send and gravel components and the emount of non-
capillary pore space in the soil are greatest in the mountain bunch-
grass type and lcast in the abandoned ficld type, indicating that.
(GG
INFLUENCE OF NLTUR..L VEGET,TION ON STRELMFLOW (Cont'd)
these factors, by increasing infiltrction, are important in
ee surface runoff, Existing variations in density
plant cover apparcntly have no iacasurable effect on sur-
- 2ee runoff,
The rate of crosion was greatest on the cbandoncd
field type, where the soil particles arc finest «nd density
Of plant cover is, leest), The mountain’ bunchgrass ype,
despite its high soil porosity, was intcrmcdicte in erosion
rates, apparently duc to the stecpness of slopos which in-
ereascd the velocity of overland flow, The lowest crosion
rates were found in the valley bunchgrass typo, located on
gentle slopes with fairly porous soil, and supporting the
highest ¢:lant density of the three types studied.
By increasing the reinfall intensity froa two to four
inches ver hour surface runoff woe more then tripled. The
USM venOunty “Jtworesiton clso incereascd,: but the «mount! of
GRoded alerts aconricd por cubic foot-cun isuntoace runotl re=-
Mained eyprcximatcly the same
Streamflow measuremcnts, it the Fraser Exycrinental
Forest the Fool's Creck gaging steticn is measuring strean-
flow underneath’ a cover cf: two feot of snow, With a sxlt
solubion to provent freezing in the stilling well, continu-
ous records are being obtained of the head en three bell-
mouth ocrificos,
In Missouri Gulch on the Menitou Ex;erimental Forest
the discharge from a 4700-acre dreincge arca is being measured
at a recently completed station, This flow section consists
of a two-foot San Dimas flume ond two bread-crestcd weirs with
a total capscity of 600 sccond-fcet, The entire range of flow
can be recorded in a single stilling well,
snow eveporetion, The snow evaporetion pans «t the
Fraser uxperimental Forest began tc produce sccpage water from
snow melt on March 24, This coincided with initial wetting of
soil outside the pons from molting snow. Daily observations
of snow depths, water content, «nd scepage have been made since
that tame.
f dnow column 15 inches decp above one 20 squere-foot
pan wes dissected and analyzed by weight in laycrs to compare
conditions on the pan with snow densitics at two points out-
side. At cach of the thrce points, a groun of three horizontal
snow cores was taken at cach of threc eg In the lowest
layer, & single block cf snow wes weighed at cach location,
The results of these tests uro es follows
- 69 -
IFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGET/TION ON STRE/SLIFLOW (Cont'd)
Average snow density at three
Just outside | Outside study
Depth
iverage
Leanepad enclosure
Inches Percent Percent Percent
33.33 34.36 33.34
33.04 34.50 31.84
33.77 35.67 32.74
P36 n18 43.04 36.01
Av. Percent | S392
Ne ee ee
Degrees of ie Sum ae:
__freedom
Significance
Total
lirror
Locations | HS
Depths | HS |
NS
Interaction |
A "t" test showed only the bottom snow layers to have a
density significantly higher than the upver layers. The snow on
the pan was eset lowcr in density than that just outside
the pan, but was not diffcrent from the snow sampled outside the
study enclosure, It may safely be concluica, therefore, that the
pan has little or no actual influence on snow dcnsitics- above it,
and that the indicated variations dre random in naturc, An intercst-
ing point is that with the minute variations existing in snow density
on the arce, cven diffcrences of less than 2 percont are statistical-
ly significant.
Southern
Jones Creek logging study. A proliminary survey of crosion
losses from skid trails, logging roads, and concentration yards wes
made during March on an aree of 160 acres in 4 of the 7 logging units
in Jones Creck, Nine months before, two of the units had been clcear-
cut to 9 in. d.b.h. with a cut of 21 trees per acre and the other two
selectively cut with an averege cut of 6 trees per acre, It was
found that on the clear-cut areas, 2.5 percent was laid bare by skid-
ding operations and 3.6 tons of topsoil rcmoveds wherees on the
sclectively cut arcas, only 1.2 perccnt of the watershed was effected
end less than 1.5 tons of topsoil removed per acre. Skid trails and
roads, aver’ ging over 300 fcet per ecre on clear-cut units but less
- 70 -
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGETATION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
than. 200 feet per acre on selectively cut units, contributed
almost equelly to the soil loss per acre, with the concentra-
tion yards making up less than 10 percent of the total soil
loss.
An analysis wes made of the soil losses from skid
trails on two degrees of slope, less than 20 percent, and
over 20 percent. The cffect of slope was found to be highly
significant, On clear-cut areas, soil losses were greater
by 40 porcent on steep slopes than on gentle slopes; and on
the selectively cut areas, soil losses were 100 percent great-
er on stecp slopes than on gentle slopos.
These preliminary results appear to open up a broad
field for oxtensive studies of cffects of logging on soil
erosion, This preliminary study is being followed up by
estcblishment of permanent bench marks on a represcntative
sample of skid trails, logging roads, and conecutration yards
to obtain c more exact measure of soil loss in relation to
soil type, slope, and adjacent cover. Fermenent semple plots
are also being cstablished for a study of runoff and vegeta-
tive chenges.
Scuthwestern
pb sa eat
general systosm rogarcaing water resources ond weter utiliza-
tion in the Southwest may be briefly described as follows:
Rain cnd snow produce runoff, runoff becomes streamflow, and
streamflow is diverted directly from the streams for irriga-
tion, or it is first stored in reservoirs and later released
for use. However, the percentage of the total precipitation
actually used is surprisingly small. Considering that part
of the Selt River watershed which contributes water to Roosoe-
velt Reservoir, we find that only about 15 percent of the
avyerzge annual. rainfell of 21 inches gets into the reservoir.
Hencc, there is a loss of 85 vercont, or about 18 inches iof
waters evaporation from tho ground, loss in and from stroam
channels, and transpiration from plants account for most of
this heavy loss, The greatest loss is by evaporation of water
from bearc ground unoccupied or unshaded by vegetation,
Weighing experiments at tho Parker Creek forest influ-
ences station show the evaporetion loss from bare ground to be
almost as great as the combined transpiretion and evaporation
draft from surfaces covered with vegetation, In these experi-
ments netural soil blocks 12"x12"x22", encased in galvenized
iron containers, are weighed weekly tc determine water losses,
- 71 -
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL VEGETATION ON STREAMFLOW (Cont'd)
For convenience in comparing rainfall and evapo-transpiration losses,
weights of water lost are converted into terms of inches, The data
on weekly losses during 1939 show how great evaporation losses from
the soil must be in comparison to transpiration losses from the plants
comprising the vegetation cover. On bare blocks, 22.55 inches of a
total supply of 28.18 inches evaporated back into the air. Blocks
covered by grasses lost only 0.79 inch more. Apparently, grasses
made most of their growth from moisture conserved by shading. How-
ever, the very small difference in water consumption between bare
and grassed areas may be attributed in part to the unusual distribu-
tion of rainfall in 1939. Precipitation in January and February was
unusually low. Summer rainfall was considerably above normal, and
practically all of it was either lost through evaporation or utilized
in transpiration.
Provision is made for draining off the free gravitational
water from the cans in winter when water supply exceeds transpiration
and evaporation losses, Inasmuch as the soil blocks were well filled
with moisture at the beginning of the ycar, about 33 inchcs of water
was drained from each of the containers in February and March to keep
the plants from becoming watcrlogged.
According to the data it is evident that soil moisture in the
blocks beceme practically exhausted by June, and it was neccessary to
add 0.80 inch of water in June end 0.70 inch in July to keep plants
from dying. However, when heavy rains came in August, eveporation
losses immediately begen to rise sharply.- During this month ecvapo-
ration from bare surfaccs actually exceeded combincd transpiration
and evaporation losses from vegetated surfsces, The blocks with bare
surfaces lost water very rapidly during tue week immediately follow-
ing rains. Blocks covered by vegetation lost less water immediately
after rainy periods and conscquently more water was aveilable for use
of plants in September,
Were it not for the fact that vegetation draws out the soil
moisture eat deeper depths where evaporation tekes place slowly,
evaporétion losscs from bare ground might even exceed losses from
vegetated surfaces.
The drop in weter loss from soil blocks in June end July is
due to exhaustion of moisture rather than to other influences.
Evaporation from e free-water surface is highest in these two months,
= (2 =
STABILIZATION CF SOILS
Celifocrnia
Erosion control end planting, The work of erosion
control on the overcast fill slopes of that portion of the
Fern Canyon road which is located in the 1938 burned area
is practically complete. The slopes were treatcd by the
standard mothod of wattling. Baccharis stekes were used to
anchor the wettlcs, and the rows were interposed with drills
of cereal grain, Similar work on portions of the Big Dalton
rood not previously treuted have clso been completed.
These stabilization measures were supplemented by
planting the fill slopes with 1,300 potted. shrubs of 30
different species, Many of the lots of shrubs were divided
and half were planted at elevations of 5,000 to 5,500 fect
along thc Fern road while the other helf were set out on the
Dalton road at lower elevations of 2,100 to 3,000 feet. All
these plants were staked and survivel counts will be made at
intervals to determine their suitability for road-slope
planting, The planting stock used was grown in the Berkeloy
end Devil Cenyon nurserics,
One thousand Coulter pine seedlings, age l-1l, bare-
rooted, were zlanted south of Tenbark Flat along the entrance
road. Three hundred Foncerosa pine seedlings and 40 Bigcone
spruce were planted in the Fern Canyon burn.
Devil Canyon nursery. During the past planting season,
37,000 trees, both bare-root anc potted, were distributed
from the nursery to cooperctors and other vublic egencies in
southern Californix for reforestation and erosion-control
use.
Southern
Roeds
A working plan for a cooperetive roadbank-stabiliza-
tion study between the Ouachite National Forest and the
Southern Forest Experiment Station has been completed. The
plan covers the test of five treatments to road cuts on
Forest Service roads in the Ouachita Mountain region, The
treatments include: (1) application of weed mulch to a
steked benk, (2) application of litter mulch with brush
- 13°
STABILIZETION OF SOILS (Cont'd)
covering, (3) sodding of topsoil-covered banks with 2- by 3-in.
pieces of Bermuda-grass sod, (4) applicetion cf e 3-in. layer
of mixed topsoil and Bermuda-grass stolons, and (5) Bermuda-
grass seed sown on a 3-in. layer of topsoil applied to the bank.
The five mejor treatments will be applied to roadbanks with 1:2,
tei, and 231 slopes end three degrees cf fertilizer application
(no fertilizer, 2 lbs.. per. 100 sq... ft.,.. and. 4, lbs: per 100 sq.
ft.) will be superimposed, giving a totel of 45 treatments. The
study is cxpected to be initiated sometime in April at CCC camps
near the Irons Fork Experimental Forest.
Watersheds
irons Fork Creek. The completion of the 7-ft. dem wes
reported in the last bi-monthly report. Stream-chennel sections
both above and below the dam have now been completed. As a basis
for determining the effectiveness of the dam in reducticn of peak
flows, stream stages are measured periodically between and during
storm pericds to provide rough hydrographs of discharge above and
below the dam. Measurements are also expected to furnish data
regarding streanflow charactcristics which will be of value in
designing the correct rating structure to be installed when funds
pernit,.
Rock Creek. The effectiveness of diversion-spreader systems
in retarding the rate of streamflow cn.sma:!l keacwater streams by
diverting it into basins, pits, and trenc’es for subsurface drain-
age 18, in part, dependent on the rate at which diverted water
returns .to.the stream, To determine the cate of flow of the upper
leyer of gravity water, a total of 57 sha.tow-pits 2 feet decp
were dug in two to three lines between each of the 13 spreaders and
the stream chennel directly below. Observers take frequent periodic
measurements of the water stage in a selected number of these pits
during rains, It is expected that the rato of the water return to
the stream channel will be approximately the rate of subsurface
crest movement down the slope,
= Fh ie
RANGE RESEARCH
ARTIFICIAL REVEGETATION
Intermountain
Species
Distribution of range plants, As a guide for species adapt=
ability studics, and on the theory that many renge plants may not
completcly occupy their full potential ranges because of topograph-
ic berriers to migration, a survey of the distribution of 80 im-
portent perennial renge species has been initiated. Records have
been taken from the collections at the herbaria of Brigham Young
University, the University of Idaho Southern Branch, the Utah State
Agricultural College, the University of Utch, end of the Regional
Office. Fersonal communicetion, range surveys, and all available
published works on the distribution of vegetation in the Region
ere being dveyn upon, The collection sites of cach specics hes
been marked on seperate regional maps end six major areasof absence
heve been tentatively delimited.
the Snake River Plains in Idaho, the Colorado River in
southeastern Utah, and the desert of western Utch appoer to be the
mejor berricrs to plant migration. The rugged, forested mountains
of central Idaho occupy the principal area of cbsence as nearly half
of the specics under consideration have not been collected there.
More then one-third are unreported from central Nevada, while one-
fourth are unrecorded from southern Utah, and an equal number are
distributed throughout the region,
The present incomplete distribution meps will serve as a
guide for carefully directed ficld observations and collections
to be made during the coming field season, since it is realized
that some of the "areas of absence" may be uncollected localitics,
When the distribution of cach specics is known, it will be
possible to plen species adaptability studies more adaquately.
Systematic introduction of veluable specics into isolated arees
mey help insure that the maximum number of adapted species will be
available for cach ecological niche.
Methods
Improved drill, Further improvements have been made on the
modifica grain drill which wes devcloped in 1937 2t the Arrowrock
Substation for contour strip drilling of range lands with steep
Slopes. The outriggcr arms were shortencd about a
- 75 -
ARTIFICIAL REVEGETATION (Cont'd)
foot each, which makes the machine less unwieldly on obstructed areas
and detracts nothing from its stability. Two of the five grain
spouts were closed so that only three rows, about 16 inches apart,
are now planted. The 5-disk arrangement has been replaced by two
sets of three disks each. One set is turned to throw to the right
end the other to the left. .The two sets of three are arranged into
three pairs placed back to back below the three grein spouts. Each
disk is attached end operated independently of all of the others,
making it possible to use either the right or left hand set in order
to have all operating disks throwing downhill,
This arrangement adds much to the value of the drill. It
allows the disks to cut deeper and more evenly. Each disk leaves
a distinct furrow 2 to 4 inches deep and 3 to 5 inches wide, which
is valuable in holding weter where it will be of value to the young
plants.
No special provision is necessary for covering as the slough-
ing of the sides of the furrows is sufficient to cover the seed from
one-half to 1 inch deep.
Actual field tests indicate that the drill is an officient
machine which can be used for large-scale range reseeding on Shoes
with gradient up to 65 percent.
Northern Rocky Mountain
Methods
Furrow vs Disk Drills for Reseeding, When seeded in the fall,
thicker and more uniform stends of bluestem, crested and beardless
wheatgrass were obtained in two seasons sowings et Miles City with
the use of a deep-furrow than with a double-disk drill. More snow
end rain is trepped in the furrows left by the former machine and it
appears that this additional moisture, in the seed row carries tho
seedlings through short drought periods, It may also supply suffi-
cient moisture for the seeds to germinate more promptly when the
soil is exceptionally dry in the early spring.
While fall seeding normally gives better results than spring
seeding et Miles City, spring seeding in « good year by using a
double-disk machine gives the best results. This machine disturbs
the soil much less then the deep-furrow drill and the seeds fall on
a firm seedbed. This firm scedbed appears to be especially important
for spring seeding because the soil which is disturbed by the drills
does not have e chance to settle firmly before the seeds germinate.
iG
ARTIFICIAL REVEGETATION (Cont'd)
Scuthwestern
Sab Dig e
Sondnivis on on the_ Jornada, eon of Feces FE sts o of soils Cer ey
ec from the top top of & < mesquite sand dunce, from 2 barren intcr-
dunel blow-out, and froma typical black grama grass area on the
Jornada shew a ccnsiderable difference of productivity in the
wares Soils, Tomato an. corn plants, three, plants of each specics
om Gach soil, were used in the tcsts which wors carricd out under
grecnhouse conditions, Distilled water was usec to water the
plants in ordor to evcid introducing any plant nutrients not
neturelly occurring in the soils. f measured cmount of water
was applicd as the moisture conditions of the upper few inches
of soil in the pots indicated the need, equal amounts being
applied on the threo plents of a species on the same scil., It
was observed that both tcmato end corn plunts in the grama and
dune soil scon outgrew those in the blow-ous soil. As a result
of this increased growth, the largor plents required more water
to prevent wilting, The weights of top tissue produced by tho
plents grown cn the three scils is shown in table 1.
The teble shows cloarly the large difference in produc-
tion made by the plants in the three soils, js measured by
the averege production of the corn plants, the blow-out soil
is but O02 as productive as the black grama scils, while the
@une scil is 5,802 tines as productive as the black grama scils.
The tomato plants also indicate similar cifference, the blow-
Ou Soil) beins O:16 thet of the black grama scil, and the
dune soil 3.40 times that of the black grama soil,
- 77 -
ARTIFICIAL REVEGET/TION (Cont'd)
Table 1, Production of plant tissuc of plants grown on black grama,
blow-out, and dune soils (over-dry woight in grams).
PINAR So oe
Tissuo Black Grama {| Blow-out
Groans | Grans
|
3.97 | 2,83
Bee | 2.28
4,81 | 3.63
|
hverage 4,67 2.91
Tomato tops 9.53 | 1.65
9.91 | 1.65
|
Lverago 9,33 | phe Sil! 31.64
!
SSS Se Oe
eee ee se = = ee ee 2 eee
Mechanical analysis and pH detcrminetions were made an the
soils used.in the pot tests and, in addition, on the soil from a
stand of snakewced in the mesquite sendhills, These tests cid not
reveal any diffcrences that would éccount for the considcrable
differences of productiveness demonstratec. Chemical analysis
of a 135 weter extract of the scils showcec some important differ-
ences in the soils, The results of the analysis: arc shown below
in Labiieze.
Table 2. Ccncentration of certain ions in 13:5 water extract of
black grama, blow-out, dune, anc snakeweed soils (parts
per millicn cn dry soil basis).
a a ee ee ee
Black Grena Biow-out |
Gorn sala aa |
T.5 15} |
34.5 25.5 |
10 10
0.0 0.0 |
292.8 jbl |
Onc T |
2.9 .6 |
se 78 =
ARTIFICIAL REVEGETATION (Cont'd)
The analysis shows carbonates and sulfates to be
absent from the soils and sodium, chlorides, and bicarbon-
ates to be present in low and not widely varying concentra-
tions. Owing to the unimportance of these ions in plant
nutrition and to the lack of any marked variation in their
concentrations they do not appear to account for the observed
difference in production,
Magnesium concentration as shown by the analysis is
lowest in the dune soil, intermediate in black grama and
snakeweed soil, and highest in the blow-out soil, The values
for dune and black grama soils are not consistent with the
performance of the plants themselves, none of which exhibited
chlorosis, the chief external symptom of magnesium deficiency.
Concentration of calcium and nitrates in the three soils
studied by pot tests show rather close correspondence with
the production of top tissues of the plants grown in the
respective scils, indicating that cither calcium or nitrates
or both were 2imiting to the growth of the test plants in the
blow=out soil ond to a lesser extent in the biack grama soil.
Figures for blow-out and snakcoweed soils do not indicate any
difference in productiveness is to be expected between these
two soils,
Leaves of the tomato plants grown in the blow-out soil
compared ciosely with loaves of tomato plants grown in solu-
tion lacking nitrogen, in cxhibiting a conspicuous derk color-
ation along the veins, Leaves from plants grown in the black
grama soil showed the deficient symptom to a lesser degrec,
There was marked contrast betweon the normelly expanded leaves
of the tomato plants grown in all three soils tested and the
severcly curled loaves of calcium starved tomato plants. This
correspondence with the nitrogen deficicnt symptom indicates
rather clearly thet low nitrogen content of the black grama
soil end still lower nitrogen content of the blow-out soil,
as comparod to the dune soil, is responsible for the observed
differences in production in the three soils,
From these tests it may be concluded thet:
(1) A difference in productivencss cxists between
black grama, blow-out, and dunc soils, in this area the blow-
out soil being less productive than the black grama soil and
the dune soil being more productive than the black grama,
(2) The difference in productiveness is definitely
rclated to the relative concentration of nitrate in the soils,
the nitratc deficicncy being markcd in the blow-out soil and
slight in the black grama soil,
wg
ARTIFICILL REVEGETATION (Cont'd)
(3) Although no plants were grown to maturity, tho indications
are that low nitrate content of the blow-out soil is dcfinitcly
limiting for both tometo and corn plants and that nitrate content
of the black grama soil is low cnough to prevent satisfectory devcl-
opment of corn but may support moderete thrift of growth and yield
of tomatoes, It may be speculated that the low nitrogen content of
the blow-out soils, which is dcfinitcly limiting to the succcss of
the relatively high-producing, high-demending cultivetcd annuals
used in the test, might be only retarding and not actuclly preventive
of the successful establishment and continuction of the hardicr
native species of concern in the ficld,
(4) Since the blow-out and snakeweed soils cre very nearly
the samc with respcct tc the ions analyzed for and especially with
respect to nitrate content, ena snekcwecd plants grow thriftily on
the snekoweed soil, it is unlikely thet snakewced is prevented from
growing thriftily on the blow-out soil by leck of plient nutricnts.
GRAZING WNAGEMENT
ee es ee ee ee ee ee ee
Intcrmountein
Summer itenges
Boise range plots recnalyzcd. A&A recent cnalysis cf Boise
range study detc indicates that protection from grazing holds con-
siderable promise as a naturel range revogetction measure, but
that continued heavy use of clrcady badly depleted ranges is al-
most cortcin to result in nccrly complete destruction of the
most valueble pcrennicl forage specics.
The study consists of annual and biennial remeasurements of
permanent plots loceted at a number of study areas which heve becn
established to represent various range types and conditions on the
watershed, ft cach study area e number of 5 x 5-meter plots that
have becn protected by can enclosure since 1930, and a number of
plots outside the cnclosure have been open to continucd use.
The enelysis is based on the densitics cf percnnial grasses
measured by the arca-list method on 20 pairs of plots, cach
representing protected and grazed conditions. These plots were
paired on the basis of ficold examination made near the beginning
of thc study. s&s somc of the grazed plots have been mcasured only
=a Gi
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
biennially, the last complctc record available is thet of
1937. Consequently, the analysis was made by comparing
1931 and 1937 densities,
fi preliminary arithmeticnl cxemination of the data
from 40 paired plots showed thet, in spite of thc adverse
weather conditions which have prevailed since thu study
was begun, the moan density of porcnnial grasscs on the
pretected plots hes remained practically constant, whereas
the moan for the grazed plots has decreased cbout 46 percent
during the 7 ycars of continued grazing. The following table
compares the mean densitics of perennial grasses on the 20
peinsO1-erazed <nca protected plots for the years 193% ‘and
1937.
AS RE SE OR EE oe SS RE OT
| Mecn density on 20 plots | Percent
ee eer cmereee:
al StMcna
ea a chore
: :
Protected | 01475 | OUAE 5) Wig = 200]
| | |
Grazed rete SOnkes) | .0078 | =46.2 |
|
oD Ee Or
Analysis of varicnece, when applicd to the individual
plot data on which the <bove tabulation is based, showed that
the apparent difference in trend between the protcctced and
PRaZod cenit Ons Ws (real ond niehly saeniiacont., Tho 2 per=
Cent scecling on protcctcd slots, however, 1s nct only very
Minor, but is fully within tho variations that arise in
measuring the acnsitics,
Rie Gav an the table tibustnrate: tho @diastrous effects
of the ccntinued use cf already overgrazed and weakened
Ranges, ospecielly during poriod of extreme drought. The
fact that the perennial grasscs on the protected plots, which
were badly depleted in 1931, heve held their own during the
recent drought is oa good incication that a significcnt
reccvery is likely whcn more necrly normal precipitation is
IGS TICE
Spring-fall rengcs
empling in native scegebrush-grass rango. The use of
Semple plots in range studics cannot be evcided, since there
iS no prectical wy of harvesting all the plants cn an entire
Meow mopecio lly whore shrubs, arc, part of the plant cover and
protect weeds or grasses from being fully utilized by grazing,
estimates of the fcrage cre sure to be subject to large errors
which should be recuccd by any fersible mcthod that can be
= ty a
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
devised, The variability in the yicld of native vegetation from
one plot to another is also large and this must be taken into
consideration, In beginning e study, a range worker needs to
know what size and shape of plot is most suitable and what method
ef sampling is most reliable.
fA study of this problem on native sagebrush-grass range was
conducted at the U. 5. Sheep Experiment Staticn, Dubois, Idaho.
Total herbage yiclds of arrowleaf balsamroot and tapertip hawks-
pecrd were harvested from 640 5 x 5-foot plots, and these
analyzed as to efficiency of various size and shape cf plots and
method of sampling. Both belsamroot and hawksbeard showed that
plots 100 square feet in area gave much nearer tc a ncrmal dis-=
curve than did plots of 25 square feet. Plots must be large |
enough to provide a cross section of the distribution of scatter-
ed plents in a mixed population, Obvicusly, if the plot is small
enough it mey occasionally lic entirely between individual plants
of scattered species, or include only one or two of them when the
average number pcr plow 1s five or sax plants, Uhis' feature vo
include species or to include enough cf them, gives rise to badly
skewed distributicn curves, which with balsamroot and hewksbeerd
occurred on 25-square-foot plots but was largely overcome by
100-square-foot ciots, Still larger plots of 400 square. feet did
not, however, give another proportionate advantage, indicating that
fcr these species approximately 100 squere fect is the proper size
of sampling units.
In cultivated agriculture long, narrow plots have been
found to include such variability as scil heterogeneity more fully
than square or broad-cblong plots. In the range study at Dubois
the difference in favor cf long, narrow plots as compared to
square plots was so slight as not to werrant any appreciable extra effo
or time in laying thom out. Circular plots are most quickly and
cheaply established, as one permanent peg at the center designates
a circular plot, the boundary being easily established. Line plots,
consisting of four 25-square-fcot plcts spaced 5, 15, and 35 fect
apart were found to be most efficient of all and to be easy to
apply since they resenble systematic plots in this respect.
In deciding on sampling methods there are three considera-
tions to be kept in mind:
1. Obtaining the mean within reasonably narrow limits of
accuracy.
2. arriving ot a valid estimate of error for the mean.
3. Feasibility and case of applying the method in the
Pare Lars
= OO
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
At Dubois, systemetic sempling at mechcnical intervals
was compared with straight random anc stratified random
sampling and it was found that systematic sampling at moechenical
intervals was casiest to apply and was most effective in mep-
ping vegetetion type lines. Random samples, in which every
possible sample unit wes given an equal chenee te bo included,
took some extra time and was somewhat awkward to apply in the
field. Variance for the moan yicld wes somowhet, though not
Significantly, greater then for systematic sampling, Strat-
ified sampling, whercin lineplot samples were crewn within
each fourth of the area gave a sueller variance, not however
Significantly dificrent from that obtained by systematic
sampling. Since the cost in time was only slightly greater
with strotvifiod random sampling and since « valia estimete of
Gros could be obtained, it is favored as tho most, desirable
Sanplane merhoa, ./ velid ostimate cf crron as ao highly val-
uable result Be obtain as it can be usec te approximate the
ipensmcy wo San lineinecessanry tc -orrivye et Zimits of verror
imap). 20. soreZ2Onpercenmtl aecuradcy. for the mean forage
Weowcaie Wil wohe Cstinicie Of Crron it is “then possible vo lvcom=
pute whether the intensity of sampling rcquirec tc gct a 10
percent cccuracy is justificd in comparison with a 15 :ercent
OE Zon percent jacicuracy. ..clratinaed random saapling jsupplaed
29 vercent more anformation regerding balscmroot and 22 per=
cent mere regarding eee eae then Cad (strach Gendom, sampilane,,
Utilization Stendards
Local ane yearly variations in velune esis elo
ship. During 1938, volume height sczles wore made for 23
forage species common to summer réingo lands or study arcas
in the vicinity of the Great Basin Branch Station. Some of
the difficultics enccuntered in the epplicetion of these
scales te field use havc beon reperted in bi-monthly reports
fer fpril and June of last ycar. This stucy was continued
for seven of the mest important specics during 1939,. the grow-
ime season cf which was considorably different from thet of
1938 in that the inccption of growth was fully 2 wecks carlier
ané wes followcd by « protracted summer drought. These
differences undoubtedly erc registored in the groatcr variabil-
ity in growth forms of the various specics noted during these
two scasons,
That meen maximun height in 1939 in goneral was roughly
80 percent that of 1938, is shcwn for the soven species
studied in the following tabulation;
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
| Species
Agropyron pauciflorum
Agropyron cristatum
Bromus carinatus
Bromus inermis
Stipa lettermani
Osmorhize obtusa
Agastache urticifolia
Volume and weight of production are found, however, to vary
more markedly then meximum hcight. In most instances, « few flower
stalks attain maximum height for any given plant, whereas the number
of flower stalks produced is apparently a more direct response to
fevorable or unfavorabie growing conditions than the greatest
height of the fiswer stalks. The volume of basal herbage is a
similar response,
In 1938 the removel of 50 percent of the height from plants of
slender wheatgrass and mountain brome in eny height class resulted in
the, removel of epproximately 25 percent of the volume. There was
remarkable uniformity in 1938 between the various height classes for
each species, the plants all heving a very similar growth form. In
1939 the removal of 50 percent of the height of mountain brome plants
in the various height classes resulted in the removal of from 14 to
26 percent of the volume. When the entire sample is considered, with
plants ranging from 12 to 40 inches in height, the removel of the
upper 50 percent of the height resulted in the removal in 1938 of 18
percent of the volume and 11 percent in 1939. For slender wheatgrass
the corresponding values were 6 and 2 percent of the volume.
Under actual renge conditions such light intensity of use
rarely occurs and accordingly the above comperisons are of little con-
Sequence other then to indicate seesonal variation in distribution of
forage volume which tends further to complicate the application of
volume-height scales to field use. A comparison of the 1938 and 1939
material indicates that the volume distribution in 1939 was much
nearer the ground than in 1938.
= 64 =
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
ogee =,
Percent volume removed when clipped ats
Species 5 inches | 4 inches _ polimenes We inches _
OT TOIR LT 1O IGA SU iM LIBO!
1939 [1938 _ ae
A. pauciflorun 6707S aSitw 60nd! 43.3,11 53.641 134.0
A. cristatun 13 2Ouno Dae Ore 1157. 2} 60.8 | 49.3
B. carinatus Tied | OD. Bity04.6) 57 04) 59s0y 5064
B, j;nermis 69.9 663 | (Oe. 8037.9 bh 55.0 1 49.06
S. lettermani 52.4| 50.6} 44.7).-1.9] 38.5 | 34.5
O, obtusa 81.01 79.3 76. 072.46 Fl elite 6 set
AY 70.8) 86.1} 87.5 | 81.7} 84.6,77.0| 81.7 | TOG
urticifolia
ab a Se ae eee Deere A ne ane ees
It. will be-noted in the above table that in the case of °
_ Bypasses, roughly from 25 to 40 percent of the volume in 1939
Wes pelow; 5-2nceh siuubbie: height, and ain the cess of weeds, some
uaopercene 25 below thes" tevell, .The G@ifferencss between the
1936 end 1939 material was greatest for slender wheatgrass with
11 percent and mountain brome with 5 percent. At the 4-inch
level, now adjudged. to be the approximate level of proper use,
these differences are even greater, being 14.5 and 6.2 percent,
respectively for slender wheatgrass end mountain brome.
Loca] variation cannot be fully evaluated ere to
difference in size of sample. However, for any given species
the 1939 material eppears to vary more between zones than do
the 1938 samples,
The local and seasonal cifferenccs noted between the
1938 and 1939 semples indicate that the epplication of volume-
height scales to field use will necessitate preparation of new
scales each year, Especially woulc this be necessary for tall
growing bunchgrasses and rank growing herbs where differences
of 5 to 15 percent are noted between the two scasons for levels
approximating proper use. Fcr such species es smooth brome,
Letterman needlegrass, where less variation was observed, and. |
possibly for some of the bluegrasscs (not studied in oe
volume-height scales may have fewer restrictions.
These volume-height scales bring out another point that
needs careful consideration in range management, that of ex-
pressing the degree of ea eae lers as percentages. For example,
in 1938 a stubble height of 4 inches would have left approx=
imately 30 percent of the current herbage of slender wheatgrass
or mountain brome, In 1939 the sume stubble would have left
47 percent of the current herbage of slender wheatgrass and
35 percent mountain brome. In actual amount of herbage, how-
ever, there would have beon no more left, if as much, in 1939
as in 1938.
285
GRAZING M:NAGEMENT (Cont'd)
Summer Ranges
f visual method of analyzing chart-quedret records. f. method
of using overlay copies hes been found helpful in analysis of the
charts. from meter-square permanent quadrats. Quadrat charts may
be used for other purposes in the study of vegetation, but perhaps
their unique value is as a means of studying the interactions be-
tween individual plants in the process of vegetal change. This
value is retained and enhanced by the overlay method.
A long series of accurate charts is to be desired, but a long
series almost necesssrily means a lack of unity in method, because
in a long period there are bound to be shifts in interest and personnel.
The result is a series which is difficult to evaluete and analyze.
Even with close supervision and adherence to written instructions,
representation of the same vegetation by different charters or even
by the same charter at different times, is apt to be highly variable,
Thus a grass clump will be represented at one time as 2n outlined
area, at another time simply by a series of "spots" or dots, Differ-
ences in identification are bound to occur, for even well-treined
assistants arc not taxonomically infallible. Finaily, under the con-
ditions of most ficld work, somo plants cre overlookea. When close
supervision is lecking, which is likely to be the case somewhere in
a long-time record, variations like these ere greatly magnified,
and the confusion is increased by diverse orientation of the charts
and diverse symbolism from yeer to year.
As a result, mere quantitative enalysis on the basis of tab-
ulation is difficult because it is "blind", and visual qualitative
analysis using the basic charts is handicapped by 2 confusion of
detcil, With both methods it is easy to make errors, but difficult
to detect them,
Under these circumstances it has been found necessary to pre-
pare a seccnd series of charts for each quadrat, uniform threughout
in orientation and symbolism, Such a chart is made es follcews: A
sheet of semi-transparent (thin manifold typing) paper is ciipped
as an overlay to the standard quadrat chart. Tne upper and lower
boundaries are ruled and the corners are marked, Outlines and
symbols from the chart are then traced on the overlay, using & com-
bination of geomctrical symbols, letters, and colors to represent
the various species. On account of the large numbers of plants on
the quadrats ond to avoid crowding end confusion on the overlays,
broad groups, such as grasses, perennial herbs, and shrubs cre con-
fined to separate overlays. Tho separation of cven one plant from
others on the quedrat is undesirable, since it tends to obscure
possible interrelationshipss but inasmuch as the overlays are semi-
transparént, such interrelationships may still be studied by super-
imposing different groups from the same chart.
wieiaues
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd) ‘
Having a series of overlays results in several advantages:
1. A rapid comparison can be made to discern major
trends. The unit in such a comparison is not so much a single
plant as the family or clon. Increases, decreases, or fluctua-
tions which are puzzling, when reportcd as a combinetion of
numbers and area in a table, are quickly and eesily evaluated.
2. Individual plants may be followed readily from chart
to chart because of the transparency of the paper. This feature
permits casy correction of misicentifications and omissions,
3. The bulk of the work--scparating the wheat from the
chaff--can bc handled by unskilled clerical labor, leaving the
technical man free to devote his snergies to the essentials of
analysis.
Lpproximately 2,000 overlays of this sort have been pre-
pared for qucdrat charts from the Great Besin Branch Station
files, using WPA “white collar" workers. The preparation of
each overlay, together with a careful check by another worker,
required an avorege time of about helf en hour,
Northern Rocky Mountain
Shorterass ranges
QOS eS)
Density changes - Hogback and Custer Flat major plots.
Data recently compiled from 19 pairs of major plots on the
summer cattle pastures at Miles City and 35 sets cf plots on
the sheep pastures, embracing 1,100 quadrats, .3 x 1 meter,
show a continued shifting of density and specics composition.
Plots on the cattle pastures which date back to 1937 show a
genoral anereese in total) density since that year end espec=
ially from 1938 to 1939. However, little bluegrass (Poa
secunda) has gone counter to this upward trend. On the grama
subtype this species head in 1939 only about 47 percent of the
1937 density and about 18 percent of the 1938 value. This
decrease seems tc be due to dry conditions during last April
and May when bluegrass docs much of its growing. Density of
different subtypes in 1939 over 1937. Buffalo grass (Buchloe
dactyloides), the density of which dropped very low during the
-drought years, increased more than cight-fold over the density
of 1937. Most other species have increased from 50 to 100
percent during the two years.
Data from the plots on the sheep pastures which cover
- 67 -
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
only one year, 1938 to 1939, tell a similer story. The decreases
of little bluegrass (51 percent) and forbs (71 percent) carried
enough weight to cause a 2 percent decrease in total density
when actually most other species increased quite markedly. Little
bluegrass made up abcut 75 percent cf the perennial grass density
in 1938 and only about 47 percent in 1939. However, its value is
limited largely to the spring mcenths so the decline may be scne-
what discounted in the total forage supply. Grama grass cn the
plots increased 130 fercent curing the year, while Agropyron
smithii and Carox filifcolia increased only 7 anc 9 percent. With
the exception of bluegrass, recovery from the drought ysars by
most species is very striking. When bluegrass is omitted from the
totals, other perennial grasses show a 66 yercent increase in this
one year and all other species show a 26 vercent increase.
Scuthwestern
General
Now cooperetor on Santa Rita. On March 15 Nr. Fred S.
Kimmerling, formerly with General Motors Company, completea negot-=
dations for the acquisition of Mr, Wirt D. Parker's ranch holdings
on the west side of the Santa Rita Mountainss these included the
cooperative agreement on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, the
adjoining forest permit, all satent holdings, State and private
lands, and 400 head of breeding cows. Thus, the 2l-year period of
cooperation with i:sr, Parker closed.
Mr. Parker came to the Santa Rite in 1919 end at that tine
had to borrow the money to purchase the MacBeath outfit of some
500 heads 200 head on the Santa Rita and epprceximately 300 head
on the adjoining Ccronadc Forest range. In 1927 Parker acquired
the Gardner Ranch on the east side of the Santa Rita Mountains,
together with a fcerest permit of 134 head cf cattle. In the yee
following he acquired the Nicholson holdings, which included a
cooperative agreement to run 5CO head on the Senta Rita, a small
forest allotment, patented holdings, and Stete leases. Parker's
entire hcldings at the close cf 1928 enablec him to run clcse to
1,100 head of :cattle.
During his 21 years of cperation on the Santa Rita, Parker
sold 6,818 head of cattle (all eges), involving a gross return of
$193,000, from the experimental range area alone. From his entire
outfit (including the Santa Rita) he sold some 11,846 head of
cattle with a gross return of $337,300. By the early thirties
Parker was entirely out of debt, despite the fact that during
the middle twentics he wes invcelved in two bank failures; one of
which cost him almest the entire prceceeds of his fall sales that
- 88 -
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
yoar which were deposited in the bank the day before it failed.
During the period of his ownership Mr. Parker hes improved the
grade of cattle on the Santa Rita from mediocre to seven-eighths
purcbred or better. In leaving the Santa Rita Mr. Parker will
continue operetion on cnother ranch property which he has ac-
quired a few miles south of the ex,erimental range. Here he
plans to operate a combination breeding-cow end steer outfit
in connection with the Gardner Ranch property.
Mr, Kimmerling plans to crect a headquarters on the old
MacBeath homesteed end will continuc to operate tho ranch on a
breeding-ccow basis, with a view to building up the outfit and
turning it over to his two boys as soon us they have completed
their ecucation,
Utilization Standards
Cooperative Goat Range Study. A recent analysis of the
ubilizetion cata obtained curing November 1939 cn the Young
Ranchinear Kirkland end: the Raney Ranch near Skull Valley in
connection with the coozerative range goat study indicates
that full use of most of the brewse plants in this chaparral
type cannot be made, except at the expense of overuse of the
perennial grasses which constitute e minor but extremely in-
portant component cf the plant cover.
In ts fall survey utilization data were obtained by
clipping 25 clumps cf each important grass and 200 twigs of
each importaut shrub within three fenced enclosures represent-
ing differen: range types on each of the two ranches, and an
equel number cf grass clumps and browse twigs on the grazed
areas immediately surrcunding the fenced plots. 11 tho
clumps and twigs clipped were selectec at rendom in an attempt
to cbtein bias-free samples, The grasses were clipped to
ground lovel and the browse twigs were clipped so as to remove
the current year's growth.
A summary of the clipping data obtained at twe represent-
ative plots is shown in tabies 1 and 2.
- 8&9 -
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
Table 1. Utilization data based on clipping at Plot No. 2 on
Young Ranch.
= Sn pen ESCO | ML | ee
Species | ! Utiliz- | ;
Claippedint: A. j Comp, | ationl/ | x Comp. cPur_2/ |x Comp.
1,568 - 104% or 4% overused
i
So oe Percent
Blue grama | | 336 40
|
Shrubby buckwheat | 15 | 48 (20 sil 48
Oak bueo | 28 81.2_ 27
i | 1,868
|
|
|
{
Based on weight of clippings obtained “within and outside of
fenced plot.
2/ Corrected proper use factor.
The data in table 1 were obtained from a plot located within
and representative of Pasture 1 on the Young Ranch. The range sur-
vey made in 1938 showed that this pasture with 800 surface acres
had a computed forage acre value of 97 forage acres for goats and
90 forage acres for cattle. During the past grazing year it has
been stocksd with cattle only. While the plant cover is mainly
browse, grasses make up about 20 percent of the totel composition.
As results clsewhere have indicated thet the stand of such
perennial grasses as blue, black, and side-oats grames can be
mainteined or imprcved on similar ranges, provided these species
are not overutilized, and inasmuch es it appears that the maximum
grazing capacity und greatest soil stability are to be found where
the natural grass-browse composition is mainteincd or restored,
proper use for the type as a whole was bascd on the proper use of
these grass species. Comparisons of the relative palavabilities
were made, therefore, on the basis of the most highly relished
species present, which in most cases was blue grama, but where this
species was absent, either side-oats or black grama were uscd as 4
base, according to the following formula:
Actual use of blue grama_ = Actual use of associated plant
Proper usc of bluc grama Proper use of associate plant
Compared to blue grama with a known proper use factor of
40 percent by weight, the shrubby Euctehodt and oak brush are cal-
culated to have = Bellare proper use factor on a weight basis of
46 and 27 percent, respectively, end on the same basis the type
as a whole is computed to be slightly overused (104 percent) as of
November 20,
=S0ue
GRAZING MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)
Table 2. Utilization data obtained from clipping at Plot No. 3
on the Raney Ranch.
ee ens as See we,
}
_ation 1/ |x Comp. | a x Comp.
Species Utiliz-_
Percent Percent
7 105 4 60
|
|
Percent |
Black grama 1 al |
a | 540
i
i
|
i
}
Side-oats grama
Oak 29 aay
964 - 162% or 62% overused |
| |
H i i
\
ee re ne ee ee eee oe ee ee,
cE EET EA Se a
ea Based on weight of clippings obtained within and adjacent
to the fenced pilot.
Dy Corrected proper use factor.
The data in table 2: were obtained from a plot located in
and representative of pasture No. 3 on the Raney Ranch. This
pasture is predominately browse but contains a relatively
greater amount of grass than Pasture 1 on the Young Ranch, It
has 1,321 surface acres with 154 forage acres for goats and
159 forage acres for cattle. During the past year grazing has
been mainly by goats and partly by cattle at a rate approx-
imately five times that of proper as estimeted by range survey
data,
Table 2 shcws thet up to November 20 side-oats grama
had been used 54 percent on a weight basis end that black
grame and oak brush hed been used 7 end 11 percent, respectively.
On the basis of an allowable volume removal for side-outs grama
of 33 vercent by weight and with a view to perpetuating this
grass, although it constitutes only 10 percent of the total
vegetetion, the relative pulatability of black grama under
conditions of yearlong grazing by cattle and goats is only
4 percent and thet of scrub oak only 7 percent for the year
1939. On the basis of these corrected proper use factors the
type as a whole hes been overgrazed by 62 percent up to November
20.
It is prebable thet the current grazing of the grasses
will have decreased during the remainder of the winter and
spring and that relatively greater use of the browse plants
will have been made during that period. Utilization data
comparable to that obtained in November were obtained on the
plots again in March 1940, and analysis of those data should
- 91 --
GRAZING MANLGEVENT (Cont'd)
indicete whether this is the case,
The data so far obtained in this study indicate that there
is a great amount of variation in the relative palatability of
specific plants growing in different plant associations and point
to the need for much more study before definite proper use factors
can be safely assigned to the various plants on these ranges.
COOPERATING BUREAU PROJECTS
BIOLOGY
(In ccoperation with the Bureau of Biological Survey)
Northeastern
Forest Wildlife Relationships Project. Preparations are
underway to root a number of cuttings from wildlife food shrubs at
Hopkins Forest for use in en experimental comparison between
rooted cuttings and seedling stock, Results obtained in establish-
ing shrub clumps with a minimum of effort on failed spots in con-
iferous plantetions, or in wide interspecings, indicate 1-0 stock
unsuiteble for plantation conditions in the Ncrtheast.
The widespread impetus given forest wildlifc investigations
by the various states with thcir wildlife restoration programs
under the Pittman-Robertson ict has made it advisable to revamp
the program at this Station. Much of the work formerly considered
in the scope of this project is now going ahead rapidly with much
more edequate financial support than wes previously possible. Tho
revised program for the Staticn Biologist will stress the effects
of silvicultural practices on wildlife populations, and the value
of variously modified vegetative types for wildlife.
ENTOMOLOGY
(In cooperation with the Burceu of Entomology and Plant Quarantine)
Appalachian
Bark Beetle Control, The abnormally low temperatures during
this past winter cvoparently counterbalanced the effects of the 1939
- 92 -
ENTOMOLOGY (Cont'd)
drought on the populations of thc southorn pine beetle,
Dendroctonus frontalis., In outbreak areas of shortleaf and
pitch pines on the Pisgah National Forest and the Great Smoky
Mounteins National Park, almost 100 percent mortality of
beetle brood wes recorded from counts of larvec, pupee, and
adults,
A Pisgah Netional Forest project of bark beetle control
by exposure of the infested bark to solar heat (meximum air
temperatures of 95 degrees F.) was conducted in the late summer
and fall of 1939. It resulted in only partial success, mainly
because of the inaccessibility of the area and the lack of
man-power and time, but the subzero temperatures of January
(minimum air temperature of -6 degrees F.) apparently completed
the control,
1 Are enna, oe
Status of European Spruce Sawfly in the United States in
1929. In general, the entire spruce area of New England and New
York is lightly infested with the European spruce sawfly, while
there are several local areas of very heavy feeding. During 1939
there has been little chengo in the intensity of the infestation
over the gsneral area, but some of the heavy local infestations
have incrcased considerably. In Maine, H. B. Peirson reports &n
inemease 1n the intensity of the infestations in the northern and
eastern per. of the State, In the southern part of New Hampshire
the severoiy affected area increased in a wide circle around
Dublin where it wes first observed. About 100 square miles be-
came heaviiv infested, but feeding was greatly reduced in stands
which previously were heavily attacked, The seme conditions took
place in southern Vermont near Wilmington, The heavily infested
area now includes between 50 and 100 square miles, but trees
heavily attecked in 1937 and 1938 were not seriously fed upon in
1939. In central Vormont near Linco’.n the whole znfestation has
decreased noticeably. In New York conditions are about the same
as in 1938 with the sawfly generally present but nowhere in epi-
demic proportions. Observations made during 1939 secmed to in-
dicate several reasons for the increase of the sawfly on the peri-
phery of the heavy infestations and a reduction at their centers
in the southorn part of New Hampshire and Vermont. There was such
a tremendous larvel population in the center of the heavy infest-
ations in these areas that suitable larval food was exhausted
comparatively early in the season and severe mortality occurred.
- 93-
ENTOMOLOGY (Cont'd)
The progeny from larvae which did complete development found even
less favorable food and mortality was often almost complete.
Accompanying this lack of suitable food was the prevalence of
disease which took not only an enormous toll where larvae were
abundant, but also killed « high percentage cf larvee in the
older infestations where the lervel population was low. On the
periphery of the heavy infestation, elthough disease wis preva-
lent, the abundance of food apparently insured the development of
large numbers of larvae to the hibernating stage. Up to the present
time there have been very few trees killed by the sawfly in southern
New Hampshire, but the 1939 feeding included large numbers of
"scattered spruce", i,c., trees growing amcng hardwoods, In general,
these trees were more seriously defoliatcd then trees growing in
spruce stands, and it seems probable that many will die. In south-
ern Vermont there has bcen more mortality emong trees heavily fed
upon in 1937 and 1938, particularly on the edges of the infested
stands. The percentege of killed trees has been very low, never-
theless, The majority of severely affected trees in this area grow
in smell but solic spruce stands, Under these conditions enough
foliage has apparently been left in the crowns to insure the survival
of most of the trees, if they are not severely ettacked again in the
immediate future.
Concentrated spray method gives effective control of the white
pine weceyi._and_ tne pales we27il. Concentrated spray cpplications
effected necrly 100 pevcont ccntrol of these weevils at a cost of
about $2.50 per acre fcr the white pine weevil and $1.5C per acre
for the pales weevi]. Lead arsenate and cryolite were the most
effective insecticides tested, About 5 pounds of insecticide per
acre is required for the white pine weevil and 1 pound for the palcs
weevil, Conventional spray methods are ineffective and too expensive.
The equipment usec for the application of the concentretes was very
inexpensive and a minimum of labor was required.
Low populetion in gypsy moth ecological plots, Studies on the
ennuel population density of the gypsy moth in three experimental
areas where no artificial control measures are applied show thet the
population of the insect hes cither decreased tc a low density or
remained in a somewhrt static condition at a low pepuletion level
for the past three or four years. Thwse three study areas represent
a totel of from 1,300 to 1,400 acres of infested woodland in Mass-
achusetts and Connecticut. Cruise lines are run through these creas
in the fall of each year end a measure of the population density
secured by counting the egg clusters prescnt in sample plots, 100
square fect in aren, taken at regular intervals on the cruise lines.
In the study area on the Natchaug State Forest, Nastford,
Cenn., the insect has been excecdingly scarce for the past four years.
The infestation in the 1,000 acre study area has been so low during
this period thet no egg clusters have been found in the hundreds of
- 94 -
ENTOMOLOGY (Cont'd)
sample plots examined. However, in traversing the cruise
lines a special effort was made to find egg clusters end
so far, a total of from 2 to 17 egg clusters have been found
each year. The number cf ogg clusters found by this method
were as follows: 1936, 43 1937, 173 1938, 23 1939, 3.
The insect was abundant in about one-thire of the
300-acre study arca on the Freetown State Forest, Freetown,
Mass., in the fail of 1937, hundreds cf egg clusters being
present per acre, However, comparatively little defoliation
occurred in this aroa in the spring end summer of 1938, The
population was reduced to a point whcre egg ciusters were
difficult to find in the fell of 1936, with only a half dozen
occurring in over one hundred samplo plots. This fall the
populetion is still lower,
f 250-cere study crea was set aside on the Harvard
Forest, Potersham, iass., during the winter of 1936-37 and
population studies were made in the area until the fell of
1938, when it was abendoned because of the damage to the
woodlend resuiting from the hurricane. In the fall of 1936
this eret contained a fairly heavy population of the insect
in a number of "sockets" where a dozen or more egg clusters
might be found on individuel trees, In the spring and summer
of 1937 a nunber cf trees wore defoliated in these heavily
populeted “pockets”. In the fall) of that year the population
was lower than in the preceding year but egg clusters were
comaon threushout the aren and there was one heavy "pocket"
of about one-half acre in size where egg clusters were
abundant, “nacre wes no noticeable defoliation in the area
in the spring anc summer of 1938 and egg clusters were scarce
that fall. After the hurricane of September 1938, the above
study area was abandoned and similar studics started in an
adjacent infested woodland of about 60 acres. This arca was
well populated with egg clusters in the fall of 1938, there
being approximately 500 per acre. There was no noticcable
defoliation in the area in the spring and swamer cf 1729 and
only three egg clusters were found in about 400 sample plots
wolaasy sialal
Southern
On February 12 to 14, Dr. Craighead and Johnston visited
the Ann Jordan Game Preserve, Coosa Co., filabama, where there
is a typicel scuthern pine beetle infestation--in some places
there have beon very sericus local outbreaks involving a
number ci wercs, ». This outbreak hes been going on for at least
three years and would indicate severe drought in thie area, £4
sawmill is now operating on this preserve to clean up the
- 95 -
ENTOMOLOGY (Cont'd)
infestation; tops and slabs are being burned as the timber is cut
and sawed.
In cooperation with the Forest Service, additional tests
of new chemicals to control the Texas leaf-cutting ent were
installed cr plenned for the Kisatchie National Forest in Louis-
iana, February 19-20, by Snyder. Methyl bromide was again
tested and dosages for other non-inflamueble fumigants were
decided upon so thet these chemicals cculd be used with greater
safety than by using carbon bisulphide,
Every cffort will be made to continue the experiments on
the control of powder-post end ambrcesia bectles, being conducted
by Christian et Tellulah, La., after July 1, when the lumber
associations may be unable to continue financial support. Sevoral
chemical companies are making contributions.
Reinspections of the termite infested buildings treated
with scil poisons about the fcuncations were ccntinued by Johnston
and Snyder. The results are being tabuleted cn 5 x 8 cards and a
special report swemarizing the results is being preperce. Dr.
Verrall of Forest Fathcology also inspected these buildings tc note
the presence and progress cf wocd rotting fungi. This is the secona
annuel instection,
PATHOLOGY
(In coozeretion with the Bureau cf Flant Industry)
Appalachian
Ret _in Oaks. On the basis of 333 trees exan=
ined on commercial logsing opereticns, a means of cstimeting the
volume of top rot in ozks was devised. The trees wero divided
into 5 classes, depending upon the numbor or rotten stubs,
weunds, or blind knots on the trunk, Tho average cull vclune
ranged from 3 board fect in trecs with no rotton stubs or largo
wounds end loss than 3 blind knots, to 218 beard fect in trees
with 4 or more rettcon stubs cr wounds or 8 or more blind knots.
Top rot began to assume importence in the black oak group botwcon
75 and 100 years and in the white oaks between 100 end 150 ycars.
Little-Lcaf Disease. Marked dotericration of shcrtleaf pine,
Similar tc the little-leaf disease cf that species in flabema, was
found clong the eastern edge of the shortleaf pine type in South
= 96 =
Pi.THOLOGY (Cont'd)
Cerolina, Some cetcricration was elso found, in isolated
areas farther toward the mountains, well inside the short-
leaf typo.
Northeastern
Paraphrasing an old saying, "The way of an exotic
tree is e herd one", seems to be coming true with Douglas
fir in the Northecs;, It has been used quite successfully
in scuthern New Bugltand and New York as an ornemcontel, and
is being planted on a forestry basis. In the last two yoars
it has beccme evideit that a leaf-cnst ceused by Phaeawryptopus
(Adelopus) giumanni, known in Europe for several years, is
present in New Englind, It has been found in all of the New
England states. Wh3ther some climatic factor favors its
attacks is nct defiiitely known, but seems probable. The
sericus aspect of tiis locully destructive disease is not
here in the Hast bu; in tho netive stands cf the West.
A new troubl>, pcssibly rathcr serious, seems te be
developing with the balsem fir. The fungus causing it is
known as Rehuijielloj sis boheica, It has been known for a
number cf years cn ornamental species cf fir, especially ibies
ecacclor, For scvural years what is believed to be the san
disease has been known cn native balsam fir in northern
Ontario, wnere it is so scettering that it causes no damage.
It has been found on native balsam fir in northern Maine, first
at ihustis end later at Flagstaff. This last summer it was
cunc generally Cistributed from these two points north east-
werd beyond Mcoschorn Lake, There are severe centers where
practically ail the young twigs cnd leaves are attacked, even
on gcod-sized trees. Severity scems tc vary in a given place
Prom iyear to year, ‘How serious it will be over & number of
years we connot say. Fotentially, it may kill reprcduction
End weossa ply cldcr trees, If 2b should neterd the growth of
this competitor of the spruce, even in local arcas, it might
Mot be an) unmitigated cvil,
a se
PUBLICs.TIONS
" MANUSCRIPTS
Ryan
ina
fppalechian
Bucci ad chic Results of Timber Stand Improvement Done
by The Civilian Conserveticn Ccrps on
Southern fypalachian National Forests.
(For Dept. Circular)
Effect of Season of Cutting cn Sprouting
of Dogwocd. (For Jour. of Fer.)
Byram, George M. 4 Tree-Crown Frofile Projector. (For Jour.
of For.)
Sun, wind, end fuel moisture, Submitted
tc Jour. Forestry.
Minckler, Leon 8S. Country-wide classificaticn of planting
methods, Subnittec to Plenting Quarterly.
larly planting experiments in the spruce=-
fir type cf the Scuthern Appalachians,
Subnitted to Jour, Forestry.
Refcrestaticn experiments. Accepted by
the Forest Log, Dept. of Forestry Relations,
Te, Wie te
Bentleys J: RR. futometic reecrding of salting and wetering
habits cf renge cattle. (For Jour. of
fLgri. Rescerch.)
Bruce, H. D. with Flot tests with soil sterilants in California,
Crefts end Raynor (For Hilgardia. )
of Univ. of Cal.
Fons, Wallace L. fn Eiffel type wind tunnel for forest
research. (Fer Jour. cf For.)
Rowe, F. B. The influence cf wocdland cheparral vegeta-
tion on soil water releticns, (Submitted to
Washington. )
- 98 -
MANUSCRIFTS (Cont'd)
Central States
Chapman, A, G. Tolerance of shortleaf pine seedlings
for soluble calcium end H-ion concentra-
tion. (Plant Physiology.) 1940.
Joranson, Philip, N. end Ccntrol of sprouting from white oak
Kuenzel, John G, stumps. (Jour. of Forestry). 1940.
Kuenzol, John G. and Defects of the oak-hickcory forests.
Genaux, Charles M. (Chronica Botenica.)
intermountc.in
Flood Control Survey Prelininary examination report. Runoff
and waterflow retardation and soil
erosion ;reventicon for flood control
purposes. The Great Salt Lake Watershed,
Great Basin, Utah. January 24, 1940.
Prelininery examination report. Runoff
end waterflow retardation and soil
erosion prevention for flood control
purposes, Sevier Lake Wetersned, Great
Basin. Utan. Noverivoer 16, 1939.
Survey report. Runoff and waterflow re-
tardation and soil ercsion prevention
form tlood Control puRposes). | Borse! Rayer
Watershed, Idahc. April 1940.
Lake States
ildous, Shaler E. Deer Menagement Suggestions for Ncrthern
White Cedar Types. (For Jour. of Wildlife
Met.) Food habits of Chipmunks, (For
Jour, of Manmelogy.) & Method of Marking
Beever. . (fer Jour. of Wildhife Met.)
Aldous, Shaler E, and A Bending Adventure with Oklahcma Crows, —
Kalmbach, E. R. (For the Wilson Bulletin.)
Cunningham, Moser, White, The Forest Situation in the Upper Fenin-
Ge ais sule cf Michigan. (For USDA Miscellancous
Publication. )
- 99 -
MANUSCRIPTS (Cont'd)
Gevorkientz, S. R. and
Baiythes. Re Hegid ks
Steeckeler, J. H. ‘and
Dertigneac, E. J.
Zon, Raphael
Stickel, Faul W.
Bricgilob. P. ii.
Sas.) ii. end
Petersen, W. G.
Isaac, li fie
- 100 -
Rendon vs. Systematic Sempling Techniques
cs Applied to Forest Surveys. (For Jour,
of the American Statistical Assn.)
Snowdrifts as a Factor in Growth and
Longevity of Shelterbelts in the Great
Plains, (For Ecology)
Clinete end the Nation's Forests. (For 1941
Yearbook of Agriculture. )
ortheastern
The Technical Basis for Closing the Woods
During Dangerous Poriods of Forest-Fire
Weather, 8 »., 1 fig. Accepted by Hunting
end Fishing Magazine tc appear in May issue.
4. Brush-Breaker Fire Trucks: The Tenk of
Perest=hire Warfare. i) pa, 3 fie. Aecepeed
by Fire Control Notes to appear in July issue.
Pacific Nerthwest
First-season results of Dowex treatment of
several clesses cf ponderosa pine planting
stock at Fringle Falls. Feb. 21, 1940.
Douglas fir thinning plots at Mt. Walker.
Secend report on Olympic plots 5, 6, 7, and
8; first repert on pluts 9 and 10. Mar. 15,
1940,
Results of selective cutting on Mt. Hocd
permanent sample plots nos. 6 and 7. (Progre:
repCrtmosnls)
Seed tree survival in the Douglas fir region.
(Fifteen-yeer progress report.)
Problem cnalysis and work plan for study of
the effects of partial cutting in Douglas
fir stands’,
Progress report and plens for future work
in shade requirement study of Douglass fir
regeneration,
MANUSCRIPTS (Cont'd)
Kachin, Theodore
Kodtbe sigh.
Lodewick, J. E.
Munger. ie. 1.
and
Kachin, Theodore
Petersen, W. G.
Wertz, June H.
Cecpenmrder. iC... Ko. ond
Cassidy, H. 0.
Krauch, Hermann
Frelininery study of time and effect
of high pruning Dcuglas fir using
Hebe club and climbing spurs. Feb. 14,
1940,
The Hebo pruning club, Mar, 4, 1940.
(For Jour. of For.)
Report on tho silvicultural phases of
the installment cutting study on lands of
the Simpson Logging Company. Mar, l,
1940,
1940 supplement to Anaconda paste on
‘Forest Scrvice poles in Regicn 6.
(Office report - not for publication. )
Lhe} cycle Sle Douglas fir ee hemlock,
(For Ecology.)
Sustained yield and taxetion. (Paper
for Washington State Forestry Conference. )
Third report on sample plots nos. 1, 2,
and 3, Still Creek, Mt. Hood National
Honesibs Hob. 205 1940.
First report on Fanther Creek piling
sele, Wind River permancnt sample plots
MeO Oi eis uel. 4
4 record concerning the Wind Rivor Forest
Experinent Station, July 1, 1913-June 30,
1924, end the Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Ex-eriment Station, July l,
1924-December 30, 1938. (Office report.)
Southwestern
Cattle grazing on cut-over timberlénds
in relation tc regeneration of pine forests.
(To Washington Office for review. )
Tests Show Dcugles-fir Seod Stored in
Sealed Containers Retains its Viability.
(For Flanting Querterly. )
Vigor, release, anc tree forms as guides
to varking, (To Jour. of Forestry.)
- 101 -
STATION NOTES
Appalachian
Hopting, George H, Karly removal of surplus oak sprouts
desirable to reduce butt rot. Tech. Note
No. 40. March 25, 1940.
Laxton, Josephine Publications by members of the staff, in-
cluding cooperators, January 1, 1937 -
December 31, 1939. Tech. Note No. 39.
Morch 25, 1940.
Cruikshank, J. W. Forest resources of the southern coastal
plain of North Caroline. Forest Survey
Release No. 4. April 1, 1940.
Northeastern
Jensen, V.-S. Results of Thinning and its Effect on Resid-
ual Yellow Birch and Associated Hardwoods
Specics. Tech. Note No. 33.
Schreiner, Ernst J. Inhibiting Effect of Sod on the Growth of
Hybrid Poplar. Occasional Paper No. 8.
Stickel, Paul W., et al A&A Glossary of Terms Usec in Forest-Fire
Control (Mimec,) 44 p. Revort of Subcom-
mittee on Forest-Firc Terminology to Forest
Terminology Committee S.A.F., Feb. 1, 1940.
Stickel, Paul W, The Basal Wounding of Trees by Fire. A
Progress Report (ifimeo.) 11 p., 3 fig.,
Keb, #2, 2940.
The Effect of Basal-Wounding by Fire on
Trees in the Northeast. Tech. Note. No. 30.
Some Preliminary Tables of Forest-Fire Damage
Values for the Northeastern Oak Region. Tech.
Note No. 31.
Westveld, M. and Reproduction Conditions on Cut-Over Old-Field
Snow, Albert G., Jr. Spruce Stands in New England, Tech. Note
No. 32.
Northern Rocky Mountain
Fahnestock, G. R. and Barly effects of thinning pure ponderosa pine
Wellner, C. A. in westorn Montana, (Research Note No. 3.
Feb. 1940.)
- 102 =
STATION NOTES (Cont'd)
Matthews, D. N.
penopmeyen, C.. si.
Wellner, C. A.
Aldous, Shaler E.
Anderson, I. V. and
Rapracger, E. F.
futen, John T.
BawkeynReed We
Barnes. hi. i,
Kiraebel.. Ci. J. and
LaMotte, R. S.
Brandstrom, A. J. F.
Buel. i. Die
Buewe, Ji He
Beds! a. i,
Pacific Northwest
Crew size affects fire fighting efficiency.
(Pacific Northwest Forest Research Notes
Now297,)
The use of western red cedar in reforesta-
tion by direct secding. (Research Note No. 5.
Merch 1940.)
Effects of cleaning in a reproduction stand
of westcrn white pine and associates. (Re-
search Note No. 4. March 1940.)
IN PRINT
Notes on a Black-footed Yerret Raised in
Captavaty. (jour. of Mammelogy. Feb. 14,
1940. )
Highlights of the lumber industry. Northern
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Missoula, Montana. (Forest Industries
of the Inland Empire, no, 2.) (Multilithed)
1940,
Reconstruction of the Hardwood Forest Soil
Profile by Vegetative Covers (Jour. of For.
Merch, 1940)
The role of range management in erosion control.
(Idaho Forester 1939.)
Range management; 4 cardinal enterprise in
the Intermountein region. (South Idaho Forest-
or 1932.
Effect of accelerated crosion on silting in
Morena. reservoir, Scn Diego County, Cal. (USDA
Tech, Bulletin No. 639.)
An economic besis for silviculture. (Jour. of
Forestry. Feb. 1940.)
Forest statistics for Thurston County, Wash.,
(Mimeo. )
Pressed plants in herbarium used in forestry.
(Asheville Advertiser, Mar. 22, 1940.)
Red Pine in West Virginia. (Castenea, Vol.5,
Noe i. dan. 1940, )
- 103 -
IN PRINT (Cont'd)
Clark, Ira
Cooperrider, C. K.
Costello, David F, and
Price, Raymond
Crafts, Edward C,
Culley, Matt J.
Curry, John R, and
Fons, Wallace L.
Dahl, Jerome
Genaux, Charles M, and
Kuenzel, John G.
Heaps, ie: Tie
Hendricks, B. A.
Huberman, M. A.
Huda. Co, ot. and
Martin, Thomas L,
~ 104 -
Good cattle = good grass go together. (Hereford
Jour.) Jon. 15),, 1940; )
Flood Control Survey Act to aid resources,
(4rizona Daily Star "Rodeo Edition." Feb. 23,
1940, )
Runoffs are small in spite of snows, checkup
indicates. (Arizone Daily Star "Rodeo Edition!"
Feb, 23, 1940.)
Weather and plant-development data as determinants
of grazing periods on mountain range. (USDA Tech.
Bullictin 686, 1939.)
Forest Service holds range research seminar,
(Jour, of Forestry. March 1940.)
Many factors determine success of ranch opera=
tions - Right amount of capital to invest varies.
(Arizona Daily Star "Rodeo Edition."" Feb. 23,
1940. )
Forest-fire behavior studies. (Mechanical
Engineering March 1940.)
Progress and Development of the Prairic States
Forestry Project. (Jour. of For. April 1940.)
About these Iowa forests. Iowa Agri. Exp. Sta.
Farm Science Reporter 1: 1, Jan. 1940.
A New Venture in Tropical Forest Research,
(Jour, of For, March 1940.)
Grass or Gulliecs for Southwest's woodlands -
Erosion's scars arc healed, (Two installments:
Arizona Farmer-Froducer, Feb. 17 and Mar. 2,1940.)
Small portion of rains used, (Arizona Daily
Star "Rodeo Edition." Feb. 23, 1940.)
Studies in Raising Southern Pine Nursery Seed-
lings. (Jour. of For, April 1940.)
A preliminary study of physical and chemical
soil characteristics of desert soils under sage-
brush, shadscale, and winterfat. (Utah Acad.
Sci., Arts and Letters Proc. 1939.)
IN FRINT (Cont'd)
Jemison, George M. Gauging the fire period. (Outdoor
hare, Aorad 1940), )
Johnson, H. M. fverage log yrices by rcogions, west
side Oregen, Washington, British
Columbia, 1939. (The Timberman, Feb.
1940.)
fverage western wholesale prices jer
square of western red cedar shingles
f.0.b. mill Oregon, Washington end
British Columbia, 1939. (The Timber-
man, Feb. 1940.)
bane, Richard D. end Tree defects and stand conditons on
Kuenzel, John G. the Hacker Creek experimental area,
Morgan-Monroe Stete Forest, Indiana.
(Central States Foreet Experiment
Station, Station Note 38, Feb. 15, 1940.)
Binine, fF. CG. Origin and Growth of Dcermant Buds in
Daks. (Jour. of For. Mar. 1940.)
Little, Hilbert L., Jr. Alpine plants grow in wari sunny
hrizona. . (Arizona Daily Star “Rodeo
Heaton. Neb. 255 L940.)
Managing weodlends for pinon nuts.
(Service Bulletin March 18, 1940.)
Wild nut crop develops into fine industry.
(4rizona Daily Star "Rodeo Edition."
Feb. 23, 1940.)
McGinnics, W. G. Renge management in Arizona becomes more
scicntific - Many ranches ere helped by
new practices, (Arizone Deily Star
"Rodeo Edition." Feb. 23, 1940.)
Moravets, F. L. Forest statistics for Coos County, Oregon,
(Minco. )
Morris, Willian G,. Statistical /nelysis of Fire Weather
Station Dastrabuvson, |) (jour. of For.
April 1940.)
Mowat, Edwin L, Damege by Logging ana Slash Disposal in
Idahe tonderosa Fine. (Jour. of For.
Mar. 1940.)
= 105 =
IN FRINT (Cont'd)
Parker, Kenneth W,. Menagement of livestock tc avoid losses from
poisonous plants, (Thc Cattleman. March
1940.) (Appeared also as Research Note No. 70.)
Fearson, G. A. Forest Land Use. (Jour. of For. March, 1940.)
Fackford, GD. and Range rescerch progress report 1937-1938.
Reid, BE. H. (Miimeo. Feb. 1940.)
Roth, Arthur H.,Jr. fi. graphic summary of grazing on the public
lands cf the Intermountain region. fart I.
Regional aspects cf range resources and trends
in range use. Januery 15, 1940.
Rowe, Po Be The construction, operetion, and use of the
North Fork infiltrometer. U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, 1940.) (USDA Flood Control
Coordinating Cormittee. Misc. rub. No, 1
and U.S.F.S. Californie Forest and Range
Ex-erinent Station, Misc. Fub. No. 1.)
Saunderson, Mont H. Room on the range. (Land rolicy Review,
July-August 1939.)
Systematic reccrdcs and accounts for managing
the western stock ranch. (Amer. Cattle rrod.,
Nov. 1939.)
Some ecenomic aszects cf the upland watershed
lends of the western United States. (Jour.
Land and rub. Util. Econ., pp. 480-82. Nov.
193)
4. comparison of the costs of trucking and
trailing lambs from summer range to shipping
peint. -1939. (Minco.)
and Seme eccencoiiic aspccts of the size of grazing
Favre, C. E. permits cn the public lands cf the Inter-
nountein region. 1939. (Minec.)
Scholz, Harold F. and f&, Lysineter Installation for Studying Forest
sLoeckeleny Jw He Influence iroblems (Jour. of For. Mar. 1940.)
Stewart, Geo. Forest Service range research seminar. (Aner.
Scc. Agron. Jour. 1940.)
Walker, Ro. H.; end Reseeding range lancs cf.the Intermountain
Frice, Raymond region. ’ (USDA Farmers' Bull. 1923) 1939.
and The hazard of basing permanent grazing cap-
Young, A. EH. acity on Bromus tectorum, (Amer. Soc. Agron,
Jour. 1939.
- 106 -
IN PRINT (Cont'd)
Upson, Arthur T.
Verrall, Arthur F,
Weidmen, R. H.
Weir, W. W.
dims) He -G,
.
Arizcna water resources are being
studied, (frizona Daily Star "Rodeo
Eeutaon, "| Heb. 23), 1940, )
Building decays and their control in the
South. (Pests 8 (3): March 1940,)
Evidences of Racial Influence in a
25-year Test of Tonderosa Fine. (J.4.R.
Dec. 15, 1939.)
Arizona lends show variety. (Arizona
Daily Star "Rodeo Edition." Feb. 23,
1940.)
Discussion of "iressure-momentun theory
applicd tc brcad-crested weirs." (Soc.
CMe Vol oSO>) Nos On) opis L/20=liser
Ole irs. COCs) Cay) ions OOS. NOw aig
Mar. 1940.)
TRANSLATIONS
No, 349 Regularity of the Fruiting of Forest Trees. By L. F.
pravidin, Krom Studies on Forestry, U.S.o.R. Central
Forest Research Inst., Leningrad, 1936. Translated
(Russian) by C. i. de Blumenthal, June 1938.
No. 350 Fositive Selection by W. Schadelin, from Schweizerische
Zeitschrift Fur Forstwesen 89 6): 137-153 19338.
Trans=
lated (German) by C. i. de Blumenthal, April 1939.
No. 351 Scale of Fertility of Hardwocd Species, I. I. Ratz
from Lesnoe Khoziaistvo 1 (7) 50-55, 1938. Trans-
lated (Russian) by C. S. Beliavsky.
Nos 352 Forest Fire Insurances: Risk Theory in Relation to
Future Value end Insured Value, by Monnet, from revue
Des Eaux Et Forest 74 (5): 404-418 (6) 517-529, 1936.
Translated (French) by Viole Turgeau.
No. 353 Weter Regulation of Forests in a River Besin. By.A.D.
Dubakh, from V Zashtchitu Lesa (Forest Frotection) 6:
43-50. 1938.
Translated (Russian) by C. I. de Blumenthal.
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